Axially Loaded RC Walls with Cutout Openings Strengthened with FRCM Composites
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 22, Issue 6
Abstract
Upgrading existing buildings to new functional requirements may require new openings that can weaken the structure, prompting the need for strengthening. In such cases traditional strengthening solutions, such as creating a reinforced concrete (RC) or steel frame around the opening, imply long-term restrictions in the use of the structure compared to solutions that use externally bonded composites. Two fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites were used in this study to restore the capacity of panels with newly created door type openings to that of a solid panel. Five half-scale RC panels acting as two-way action compression members were tested to failure. Two full-field optical deformation measurement systems were used to monitor and analyze the global structural response of each tested panel (i.e., crack pattern, failure mechanism, and displacement/strain fields). The performance of existing design methods for RC panels has been assessed in comparison with the experimental results. The capacity of strengthened panels with small openings () was entirely restored to that of the solid panel. However, for panels with large openings (), only 75% of the solid panel’s capacity was restored. The capacity of the strengthened panels was about 175 and 150% higher compared to that of reference panels with small and large openings, respectively.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the European Commission (Contract number MC-ITN-2013-607851) and Development Fund of the Swedish Construction Industry (SBUF). The first author would like to acknowledge the support of the European Network for Durable Reinforcement and Rehabilitation Solutions (ENDURE). The assistance of the technicians at CompLab, the structural engineering laboratory at Luleå University of Technology (LTU), and of Jaime Gonzalez and Carlo Pellegrino from the University of Padova is also gratefully acknowledged.
References
Assefa, G., and C. Ambler. 2017. “To demolish or not to demolish: Life cycle consideration of repurposing buildings.” Sustainable Cities Soc. 28: 146–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.09.011.
ASTM. 2007. Standard test methods for linear density of textile fibers. ASTM:D1577-07. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014a. Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic-cement mortars (using portions of prisms broken in flexure). ASTM:C349-14. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014b. Standard test method for flexural strength of hydraulic-cement mortars. ASTM:C348-14. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Babaeidarabad, S., F. D. Caso, and A. Nanni. 2014. “Out-of-plane behavior of URM walls strengthened with fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix composite.” J. Compos. Constr. 18 (4): 04013057. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000457.
Baqersad, J., P. Poozesh, C. Niezrecki, and P. Avitabile. 2016. “Photogrammetry and optical methods in structural dynamics: A review.” Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 86: 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2016.02.011.
Bernat, E., L. Gil, P. Roca, and C. Escrig. 2013. “Experimental and analytical study of TRM strengthened brickwork walls under eccentric compressive loading.” Constr. Build. Mater. 44: 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.006.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2005. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. Eurocode 2. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2009. Testing hardened concrete—Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens. EN ISO 12390-3:2009. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2010. Steel for the reinforcement and prestressing of concrete: Test methods. EN ISO 15630-2:2010. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2015. Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures—Definitions, requirements, quality control and evaluation of conformity. prEN 1504-10:2015. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Cevallos, O. A., R. S. Olivito, R. Codispoti, and L. Ombres. 2015. “Flax and polyparaphenylene benzobisoxazole cementitious composites for the strengthening of masonry elements subjected to eccentric loading.” Compos. Part B 71: 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.10.055.
Colajanni, P., F. De Domenico, A. Recupero, and N. Spinella. 2014. “Concrete columns confined with fibre reinforced cementitious mortars: Experimentation and modelling.” Constr. Build. Mater. 52: 375–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.048.
D’Ambrisi, A., and F. Focacci. 2011. “Flexural strengthening of RC beams with cement-based composites.” J. Compos. Constr. 15 (5): 707–720. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000218.
D’Antino, T., L. H. Sneed, C. Carloni, and C. Pellegrino. 2016. “Effect of the inherent eccentricity in single-lap direct-shear tests of PBO FRCM-concrete joints.” Compos. Struct. 142: 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.01.076.
Doh, J. H., and S. Fragomeni. 2005. “Evaluation of experimental work on concrete walls in one and two-way action.” Aust. J. Struct. Eng 6 (1): 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2005.11464943.
Elsanadedy, H. M., T. H. Almusallam, S. H. Alsayed, and Y. A. Al-Salloum. 2013. “Flexural strengthening of RC beams using textile reinforced mortar: Experimental and numerical study.” Compos. Struct. 97: 40–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.09.053.
Escrig, C., L. Gil, E. Bernat-Maso, and F. Puigvert. 2015. “Experimental and analytical study of reinforced concrete beams shear strengthened with different types of textile-reinforced mortar.” Constr. Build. Mater 83: 248–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.013.
Ferreira, J., M. Duarte Pinheiro, and J. de Brito. 2015. “Economic and environmental savings of structural buildings refurbishment with demolition and reconstruction: A Portuguese benchmarking.” J. Build. Eng. 3: 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2015.07.001.
Ghorbani, R., F. Matta, and M. A. Sutton. 2015. “Full-field deformation measurement and crack mapping on confined masonry walls using digital image correlation.” Exp. Mech. 55 (1): 227–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-014-9906-y.
Gonzalez-Libreros, J. H., C. Sabau, L. H. Sneed, C. Pellegrino, and G. Sas. 2017a. “State of research on shear strengthening of RC beams with FRCM composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 149: 444–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.128.
Gonzalez-Libreros, J. H., L. H. Sneed, T. D’Antino, and C. Pellegrino. 2017b. “Behavior of RC beams strengthened in shear with FRP and FRCM composites.” Eng. Struct. 150: 830–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.084.
G & P Intech. 2016. “Concrete ROCK S.” Accessed March 7, 2016. www.gpintech.it/contenuti/CONCRETE-ROCK-S-Sch.Tec.FS37.pdf.
Guan, H., C. Cooper, and D.-J. Lee. 2010. “Ultimate strength analysis of normal and high strength concrete wall panels with varying opening configurations.” Eng. Struct. 32 (5): 1341–1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.01.012.
Ho, N. M., M. M. Lima, and J. H. Doh. 2016. “Axially loaded three-side restrained reinforced concrete walls: A comparative study.” In Mechanics of structures and materials: Advancements and challenges, 63–72. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Huang, Y., E. Hamed, Z. Chang, and S. J. Foster. 2015. “Theoretical and experimental investigation of failure behavior of one-way high-strength concrete wall panels.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (5): 04014143. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001072.
ICRI (International Concrete Repair Institute). 2013. Selecting and specifying concrete surface preparation for sealers, coatings, polymer overlays, and concrete repair. ICRI 310.2R-2013. Rosemont, IL: ICRI.
Ismail, N., and J. M. Ingham. 2016. “In-plane and out-of-plane testing of unreinforced masonry walls strengthened using polymer textile reinforced mortar.” Eng. Struct. 118: 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.041.
Kolsch, H. 1998. “Carbon fiber cement matrix (CFCM) overlay system for masonry strengthening.” J. Compos. Constr. 2 (2): 105–109. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(1998)2:2(105).
Mahal, M., T. Blanksvärd, B. Täljsten, and G. Sas. 2015. “Using digital image correlation to evaluate fatigue behavior of strengthened reinforced concrete beams.” Eng. Struct. 105: 277–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.10.017.
Mohammed, B. S., L. W. Ean, and M. A. Malek. 2013. “One way RC wall panels with openings strengthened with CFRP.” Constr. Build. Mater. 40: 575–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.080.
Ombres, L., and S. Verre. 2015. “Structural behaviour of fabric reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) strengthened concrete columns under eccentric loading.” Compos. Part B 75: 235–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.01.042.
Papanicolaou, C. G., T. C. Triantafillou, K. Karlos, and M. Papathanasiou. 2007. “Textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) versus FRP as strengthening material of URM walls: In-plane cyclic loading.” Mater. Struct. 40 (10): 1081–1097. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9207-8.
Popescu, C., G. Sas, T. Blanksvärd, and B. Täljsten. 2015. “Concrete walls weakened by openings as compression members: A review.” Eng. Struct. 89: 172–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.02.006.
Popescu, C., G. Sas, T. Blanksvärd, and B. Täljsten. 2017a. “Concrete walls with cutout openings strengthened by FRP confinement.” J. Compos. Constr. 21 (3): 04016106. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000759.
Popescu, C., G. Sas, C. Sabau, and T. Blanksvärd. 2016. “Effect of cut-out openings on the axial strength of concrete walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (11): 04016100. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001558.
Popescu, C., J. W. Schmidt, P. Goltermann, and G. Sas. 2017c. “Assessment of RC walls with cut-out openings strengthened by FRP composites using a rigid-plastic approach.” Eng. Struct. 150: 585–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.069.
Ruredil SpA. 2018. “Ruregold XP concrete.” Accessed June 1, 2018. www.ruredil.it/prodotti/ruregold-xp-calcestruzzo/.
Sabau, C., J. H. Gonzalez-Libreros, L. H. Sneed, G. Sas, C. Pellegrino, and B. Täljsten. 2017. “Use of image correlation system to study the bond behavior of FRCM-concrete joints.” Mater. Struct. 50 (3): 172 https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1036-4.
Saheb, S. M., and P. Desayi. 1990a. “Ultimate strength of R.C. Wall Panels in two-way in-plane action.” J. Struct. Eng. 116 (5): 1384–1402. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1990)116:5(1384).
Saheb, S. M., and P. Desayi. 1990b. “Ultimate strength of RC wall panels with openings.” J. Struct. Eng. 116 (6): 1565–1577. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1990)116:6(1565).
Sas, G., T. Blanksvard, O. Enochsson, B. Taljsten, and L. Elfgren. 2012. “Photographic strain monitoring during full-scale failure testing of Ornskoldsvik bridge.” Struct. Health Monit. 11 (4): 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921712438568.
Sneed, L. H., T. D’Antino, and C. Carloni. 2014. “Investigation of bond behavior of polyparaphenylene benzobisoxazole fiber-reinforced cementitious matrix composite-concrete interface.” ACI Mater. J. 111 (5): 569–580. https://doi.org/10.14359.51686604.
Sneed, L. H., S. Verre, C. Carloni, and L. Ombres. 2016. “Flexural behavior of RC beams strengthened with steel-FRCM composite.” Eng. Struct. 127: 686–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.09.006.
Standards Australia. 2009. Australian standard for concrete structures. AS 3600. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia.
Täljsten, B., and T. Blanksvärd. 2007. “Mineral-based bonding of carbon FRP to strengthen concrete structures.” J. Compos. Constr. 11 (2): 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:2(120).
Todut, C., D. Dan, and V. Stoian. 2015. “Numerical and experimental investigation on seismically damaged reinforced concrete wall panels retrofitted with FRP composites.” Comp. Struct. 119: 648–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.09.047.
Wang, X., B. Ghiassi, D. V. Oliveira, and C. C. Lam. 2017. “Modelling the nonlinear behaviour of masonry walls strengthened with textile reinforced mortars.” Eng. Struct. 134: 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.12.029.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 22 • Issue 6 • December 2018
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 8, 2017
Accepted: Apr 4, 2018
Published online: Aug 21, 2018
Published in print: Dec 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Jan 21, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.