Calibration of the FRP Resistance Reduction Factor for FRP-Confined Reinforced Concrete Building Columns
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 21, Issue 3
Abstract
This paper presents a reliability-based methodology for calibration of the fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) resistance reduction factor used in the design of FRP-confined RC columns designed based on current guidelines. The Monte Carlo simulation technique was employed to generate a large population of design cases based on frequency of the design variables. Within the code calibration procedure, a comprehensive probabilistic study on variability of resistance, i.e., compressive strength of FRP-confined RC columns considering uncertainties in material properties, section dimension, and the model error, was carried out. It was shown that statistics of resistance and consequently reliability of the ultimate limit state are highly dependent on the variability of confinement model and the FRP strain efficiency factor. Furthermore, for RC columns with spiral confinement, the current FRP resistance reduction factor advised by current guidelines should be reduced. Sensitivity of the FRP resistance reduction factor to some selected target reliability indexes was also studied. In addition, a confinement-dependent formula for determining the FRP resistance reduction factor was proposed.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). (2008). “Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures.” ACI 440, Farmington Hills, MI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). (2011). “Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary.” ACI 318, Farmington Hills, MI.
Aire, C., Gettu, R., Casas, J., Marques, S., and Marques, D. (2010). “Concrete laterally confined with fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP): Experimental study and theoretical model.” Materiales de Construcción, 60(297), 19–31.
Almusallam, T. H. (2007). “Behavior of normal and high-strength concrete cylinders confined with E-glass/epoxy composite laminates.” Compos. Part B, 38(5–6), 629–639.
Atadero, R. A. (2006). “Development of load and resistance factor design for FRP strengthening of reinforced concrete structures.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of California, San Diego.
Atadero, R. A., and Karbhari, V. M. (2008). “Calibration of resistance factors for reliability based design of externally-bonded FRP composites.” Compos. Part B, 39(4), 665–679.
Atadero, R. A., and Karbhari, V. M. (2009). “Sources of uncertainty and design values for field-manufactured FRP.” Compos. Struct., 89(1), 83–93.
Bartlett, F. (2007). “Canadian standards association standard A23.3-04 resistance factor for concrete in compression.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 34(9), 1029–1037.
Bartlett, F. M., and MacGregor, J. G. (1996). “Statistical analysis of the compressive strength of concrete in structures.” ACI Mater. J., 93(2), 158–168.
Batdorf, S. B., and Ghaffarian, R. (1984). “Size effect and strength variability of unidirectional composites.” Int. J. Fract., 26(2), 113–123.
Benzaid, R., Mesbah, H., and Chikh, N. E. (2010). “FRP-confined concrete cylinders: Axial compression experiments and strength model.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 29(16), 2469–2488.
Berthet, J., Ferrier, E., and Hamelin, P. (2005). “Compressive behavior of concrete externally confined by composite jackets. Part A: Experimental study.” Constr. Build. Mater., 19(3), 223–232.
Bisby, L. A., Dent, A. J. S., and Green, M. F. (2005). “Comparison of confinement models for fiber-reinforced polymer-wrapped concrete.” ACI Struct. J., 102(1), 62–72.
Bisby, L. A., and Take, W. A. (2009). “Strain localisations in FRP-confined concrete: New insights.” Proc. ICE-Struct. Build., 162(5), 301–309.
Bournonville, M., Dahnke, J., and Darwin, D. (2004). “Statistical analysis of the mechanical properties and weight of reinforcing bars.” Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, KS.
Bullo, S. (2003). “Experimental study of the effects of the ultimate strain of fiber reinforced plastic jackets on the behavior of confined concrete.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Composite in Construction, Univ. of Calabria, Rende, Italy, 465–470.
Cairns, S. W. (2001). “Circular concrete columns externally reinforced with pre-fabricated carbon polymer shells.” Master thesis, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto.
Carey, S. A., and Harries, K. A. (2005). “Axial behavior and modeling of confined small-, medium-, and large-scale circular sections with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer jackets.” ACI Struct. J., 102(4), 596–604.
Casas, J. R., and Chambi, J. L. (2014). “Partial safety factors for CFRP-wrapped bridge piers: Model assessment and calibration.” Compos. Struct., 118, 267–283.
CEB (Comité Euro-International du Béton). (2010). “fib model code 2010 first complete draft.” Ernst & Sohn, Lausanne, Switzerland.
CEB (fédération internationale du béton). (2001). “Externally bonded FRP reinforcement for RC structures.” fib Bulletin 14, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Chastre, C., and Silva, M. A. G. (2010). “Monotonic axial behavior and modelling of RC circular columns confined with CFRP.” Eng. Struct., 32(8), 2268–2277.
Ciupala, M., Pilakoutas, K., and Mortazavi, A. (2007). “Effectiveness of FRP composites in confined concrete.” Proc., 8th Int. Symp. on Fiber Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-8), Univ. of Patras, Patras, Greece, 1–10.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). (2002). “Design and construction of building components with fibre-reinforced polymers.” CSA S-806, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
Cui, C. (2009). “Behaviour of normal and high strength concrete confined with fibre reinforced polymers (FRP).” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto.
Cui, C., and Sheikh, S. (2010). “Experimental study of normal- and high-strength concrete confined with fiber-reinforced polymers.” J. Compos. Constr., 553–561.
De Lorenzis, L., Micelli, F., and La Tegola, A. (2002). “Influence of specimen size and resin type on the behaviour of FRP-confined concrete cylinders.” 1st Int. Conf. on Advanced Polymer Composites for Structural Applications in Construction: Proc., Thomas Telford, Southampton, U.K., 231–240.
De Lorenzis, L., and Tepfers, R. (2003). “Comparative study of models on confinement of concrete cylinders with fiber-reinforced polymer composites.” J. Compos. Constr., 219–237.
Demers, M., and Neale, K. (1994). “Developments in short and medium span bridge engineering.” 4th Int. Conf. on Short and Medium Span Bridges, Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Montreal, 895–905.
Demers, M., and Neale, K. (1999). “Confinement of reinforced concrete columns with fibre-reinforced composite sheets: An experimental study.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 26(2), 226–241.
Dias da Silva, V., and Santos, J. (2001). “Strengthening of axially loaded concrete cylinders by surface composites.” Proc., Int. Conf.: Composites in Constructions, A.A. Balkema, Lisse, Netherlands, 257–262.
Eid, R., Roy, N., and Paultre, P. (2009). “Normal-and high-strength concrete circular elements wrapped with FRP composites.” J. Compos. Constr., 113–124.
Ellingwood, B. (2003). “Toward load and resistance factor design for fiber-reinforced polymer composite structures.” J. Struct. Eng., 449–458.
Ellingwood, B., Galambos, T., McGregor, J., and Cornell, C. (1980). “Development of a probability-based load criteria for American Standard A 58.” National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC.
Elsanadedy, H. M., Al-Salloum, Y. A., Alsayed, S. H., and Iqbal, R. A. (2012). “Experimental and numerical investigation of size effects in FRP-wrapped concrete columns.” Constr. Build. Mater., 29, 56–72.
Faella, C., Realfonzo, R., and Salerno, N. (2004). “Sulla resistenza e deformazione di elementi in ca confinati con tessuti in FRP.” Proc., 9th National Congress L’ingegneria sismica in Italia, ANIDIS, Genova, Italy, 25–29.
Fardis, M. N., and Khalili, H. H. (1982). “FRP-encased concrete as a structural material.” Mag. Concr. Res., 34(121), 191–202.
Harries, K. A., and Carey, S. A. (2003). “Shape and ‘gap’ effects on the behavior of variably confined concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 33(6), 881–890.
Harries, K. A., and Kharel, G. (2003). “Experimental investigation of the behavior of variably confined concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 33(6), 873–880.
He, Z., and Jiang, L. (2007). “Flexural reliability assessment of FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams designed by Chinese CECS-146 guideline.” Proc., 8th Int. Symp. on Fiber Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-8), Univ. of Patras, Patras, Greece, 123–133.
Ilki, A., Kumbasar, N., and Koc, V. (2004). “Low strength concrete members externally confined with FRP sheets.” Struct. Eng. Mech., 18(2), 167–194.
Ilki, A., Peker, O., Karamuk, E., Demir, C., and Kumbasar, N. (2008). “FRP retrofit of low and medium strength circular and rectangular reinforced concrete columns.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 169–188.
Jaffry, S. A. D. (2001). “Concrete filled glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) shells under concentric compression.” Master thesis, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto.
Jiang, T., and Teng, J. (2007). “Analysis-oriented stress-strain models for FRP-confined concrete.” Eng. Struct., 29(11), 2968–2986.
Joint Committee on Structural Safety. (2012). “Probabilistic model code.” Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
Kono, S., Inazumi, M., and Kaku, T. (1998). “Evaluation of confining effects of CFRP sheets on reinforced concrete members.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Composites in Infrastructure, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 343–355.
Kshirsagar, S., Lopez-Anido, R. A., and Gupta, R. K. (2000). “Environmental aging of fiber-reinforced polymer-wrapped concrete cylinders.” ACI Mater. J., 97(6), 703–712.
Lam, L., and Teng, J. (2003). “Design-oriented stress-strain model for FRP-confined concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 17(6), 471–489.
Lam, L., and Teng, J. (2004). “Ultimate condition of fiber reinforced polymer-confined concrete.” J. Compos. Constr., 539–548.
Lam, L., Teng, J. G., Cheung, C. H., and Xiao, Y. (2006). “FRP-confined concrete under axial cyclic compression.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 28(10), 949–958.
Liang, M., Wu, Z. M., Ueda, T., Zheng, J. J., and Akogbe, R. (2012). “Experiment and modeling on axial behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymer confined concrete cylinders with different sizes.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 31(6), 389–403.
Lim, J. C., and Ozbakkaloglu, T. (2013). “Confinement model for FRP-confined high-strength concrete.” J. Compos. Constr., .
Lim, J. C., and Ozbakkaloglu, T. (2014). “Investigation of the influence of the application path of confining pressure: Tests on actively confined and FRP-confined concretes.” J. Struct. Eng., .
Lim, J. C., and Ozbakkaloglu, T. (2015). “Hoop strains in FRP-confined concrete columns: Experimental observations.” Mater. Struct., 48(9), 2839–2854.
MacGregor, J. G. (1983). “Load and resistance factors for concrete design.” ACI J. Proc., 80(4), 279–287.
Mastrapa, J. (1997). “Effect of construction bond on confinement with fiber composites.” Master thesis, Univ. of Central Florida, Orlando, FL.
Matthys, S., Taerwe, L., and Audenaert, K. (1999). “Tests on axially loaded concrete columns confined by fiber reinforced polymer sheet wrapping.” Proc., FRPRCS-4, Baltimore, 217–228.
Matthys, S., Toutanji, H., Audenaert, K., and Taerwe, L. (2005). “Axial load behavior of large-scale columns confined with fiber-reinforced polymer composites.” ACI Struct. J., 102(2), 258–267.
Melchers, R. E. (1999). Structural reliability analysis and prediction, Wiley, New York.
Micelli, F., and Modarelli, R. (2013). “Experimental and analytical study on properties affecting the behaviour of FRP-confined concrete.” Compos. Part B, 45(1), 1420–1431.
Micelli, F., Myers, J., and Murthy, S. (2001). “Effect of environmental cycles on concrete cylinders confined with FRP.” Proc., Int. Conf.: Composites in Constructions, A.A. Balkema, Lisse, Netherlands, 317–322.
Mirmiran, A., Shahawy, M., Samaan, M., El Echary, H., Mastrapa, J. C., and Pico, O. (1998). “Effect of column parameters on FRP-confined concrete.” J. Compos. Constr., 175–185.
Mirza, S. A., MacGregor, J. G., and Hatzinikolas, M. (1979). “Statistical descriptions of strength of concrete.” J. Struct. Div., 105(6), 1021–1037.
Mohamed, H. M., and Masmoudi, R. (2010). “Axial load capacity of concrete-filled FRP tube columns: Experimental versus theoretical predictions.” J. Compos. Constr., 231–243.
Monti, G., and Santini, S. (2002). “Reliability-based calibration of partial safety coefficients for fiber-reinforced plastic.” J. Compos. Constr., 162–167.
Nowak, A. S., and Szerszen, M. M. (2003). “Calibration of design code for buildings (ACI 318): Part 1—Statistical models for resistance.” ACI Struct. J., 100(3), 377–382.
Okeil, A., Belarbi, A., and Kuchma, D. (2013). “Reliability assessment of FRP-strengthened concrete bridge girders in shear.” J. Compos. Constr., 91–100.
Okeil, A. M., El-Tawil, S., and Shahawy, M. (2001). “Short-term tensile strength of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer laminates for flexural strengthening of concrete girders.” ACI Struct. J., 98(4), 470–478.
Owen, L. M. (1998). “Stress-strain behavior of concrete confined by carbon fiber jacketing.” Master thesis, Univ. of Washington, Seattle.
Ozbakkaloglu, T., and Lim, J. C. (2013). “Axial compressive behavior of FRP-confined concrete: Experimental test database and a new design-oriented model.” Compos. Part B, 55, 607–634.
Ozbakkaloglu, T., Lim, J. C., and Vincent, T. (2013). “FRP-confined concrete in circular sections: Review and assessment of stress-strain models.” Eng. Struct., 49, 1068–1088.
Ozbakkaloglu, T., and Vincent, T. (2013). “Axial compressive behavior of circular high-strength concrete-filled FRP tubes.” J. Compos. Constr., .
Parretti, R., and Nanni, A. (2002). “Axial testing of concrete columns confined with carbon FRP: Effect of fiber orientation.” Proc., ICCI 2002, Tucson, AZ, 1–10.
Paula, R. (2003). “Influência da geometria das secções no confinamento de pilares de betão armado com compósitos de CFRP.” Master thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
Pessiki, S., Harries, K. A., Kestner, J. T., Sause, R., and Ricles, J. M. (2001). “Axial behavior of reinforced concrete columns confined with FRP jackets.” J. Compos. Constr., 237–245.
Pham, H. B., and Al-Mahaidi, R. (2008). “Reliablity analysis of bridge beams retrofitted with fibre reinforced polymers.” Compos. Struct., 82(2), 177–184.
Picher, F., Rochette, P., and Labossiére, P. (1996). “Confinement of concrete cylinders with CFRP.” Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Composite Infrastructures, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 829–841.
Pilakoutas, K., Neocleous, K., and Guadagnini, M. (2002). “Design philosophy issues of fiber reinfored polymer reinforced concrete structures.” J. Compos. Constr., 154–161.
Plevris, N., Triantafillou, T. C., and Veneziano, D. (1995). “Reliability of RC members strengthened with CFRP laminates.” J. Struct. Eng., 1037–1044.
Purba, B. K., and Mufti, A. A. (1999). “Investigation of the behavior of circular concrete columns reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) jackets.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 26(5), 590–596.
Realfonzo, R., and Napoli, A. (2011). “Concrete confined by FRP systems: Confinement efficiency and design strength models.” Compos. Part B, 42(4), 736–755.
Richart, F. E., Brandtzaeg, A., and Brown, R. L. (1928). “A study of the failure of concrete under combined compressive stresses.” Univ. of Illinois, Champaign, IL.
Rocca, S. (2007). “Experimental and analytical evaluation of FRP-confined large size reinforced concrete columns.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Missouri—Rolla, Rolla, MO.
Rochette, P., and Labossiere, P. (1996). “A plasticity approach for concrete columns confined with composite materials.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures, Canadian Society of Civil Engineering, Montreal, 359–366.
Rousakis, T., and Tepfers, R. (2001). “Experimental investigation of concrete cylinders confined by carbon FRP sheets, under monotonic and cyclic axial compressive load.” Division of Building Technology, Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden.
Rousakis, T. C., Rakitzis, T. D., and Karabinis, A. I. (2012). “Design-oriented strength model for FRP-confined concrete members.” J. Compos. Constr., 615–625.
Saafi, M., Toutanji, H., and Li, Z. (1999). “Behavior of concrete columns confined with fiber reinforced polymer tubes.” ACI Mater. J., 96(4), 500–509.
Saenz, N., and Pantelides, C. P. (2006). “Short and medium term durability evaluation of FRP-confined circular concrete.” J. Compos. Constr., 244–253.
Samaan, M., Mirmiran, A., and Shahawy, M. (1998). “Model of concrete confined by fiber composites.” J. Struct. Eng., 1025–1031.
Shahawy, M., Mirmiran, A., and Beitelman, T. (2000). “Tests and modeling of carbon-wrapped concrete columns.” Compos. Part B, 31(6), 471–480.
Shehata, I., Carneiro, L., and Shehata, L. (2007). “Strength of confined short concrete columns.” Proc., 8th Int. Symp. on Fiber Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Univ. of Patras, Patras, Greece, 1–10.
Silva, M. A., and Rodrigues, C. C. (2006). “Size and relative stiffness effects on compressive failure of concrete columns wrapped with glass FRP.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 334–342.
Song, X., Gu, X., Li, Y., Chen, T., and Zhang, W. (2013). “Mechanical behavior of FRP-strengthened concrete columns subjected to concentric and eccentric compression loading.” J. Compos. Constr., 336–346.
Spoelstra, M. R., and Monti, G. (1999). “FRP-confined concrete model.” J. Compos. Constr., 143–150.
Szerszen, M. M., Szwed, A., and Nowak, A. S. (2005). “Reliability analysis for eccentrically loaded columns.” ACI Struct. J., 102(5), 676–688.
Tamuzs, V., Tepfers, R., and Sparnins, E. (2006). “Behavior of concrete cylinders confined by carbon composite. 2: Prediction of strength.” Mech. Compos. Mater., 42(2), 109–118.
Tamuzs, V., Valdmanis, V., Tepfers, R., and Gylltoft, K. (2008). “Stability analysis of CFRP-wrapped concrete columns strengthened with external longitudinal CFRP sheets.” Mech. Compos. Mater., 44(3), 199–208.
Teng, J., Yu, T., Wong, Y., and Dong, S. (2007). “Hybrid FRP-concrete-steel tubular columns: Concept and behavior.” Constr. Build. Mater., 21(4), 846–854.
Toutanji, H. (1999). “Stress-strain characteristics of concrete columns externally confined with advanced fiber composite sheets.” ACI Mater. J., 96(3), 397–404.
Val, D. V. (2003). “Reliability of fiber-reinforced polymer-confined reinforced concrete columns.” J. Struct. Eng., 1122–1130.
Valdmanis, V., De Lorenzis, L., Rousakis, T., and Tepfers, R. (2007). “Behaviour and capacity of CFRP-confined concrete cylinders subjected to monotonic and cyclic axial compressive load.” Struct. Concr., 8(4), 187–200.
Vincent, T., and Ozbakkaloglu, T. (2013). “Influence of concrete strength and confinement method on axial compressive behavior of FRP confined high- and ultra high-strength concrete.” Compos. Part B, 50, 413–428.
Wang, F., and Cheong, K. (2001). “RC columns strengthened by FRP under uniaxial compression.” Proc., Int. Conf. on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering, Elsevier, Oxford, U.K., 327–334.
Wang, L.-M., and Wu, Y.-F. (2008). “Effect of corner radius on the performance of CFRP-confined square concrete columns: Test.” Eng. Struct., 30(2), 493–505.
Wang, N., and Ellingwood, B. R. (2014). “Estimating nominal strength of built-up CFRP laminates from standardized specimen tests.” Struct. Saf., 47, 24–28.
Wang, N., and Ellingwood, B. R. (2015). “Limit state design criteria for FRP strengthening of RC bridge components.” Struct. Saf., 56, 1–8.
Wang, N., Ellingwood, B. R., and Zureick, A.-H. (2010). “Reliability-based evaluation of flexural members strengthened with externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer composites.” J. Struct. Eng., 1151–1160.
Wang, Z., Wang, D., Smith, S. T., and Lu, D. (2012). “Experimental testing and analytical modeling of CFRP-confined large circular RC columns subjected to cyclic axial compression.” Eng. Struct., 40, 64–74.
Watanabe, K., et al. (1997). “Confinement effect of FRP sheet on strength and ductility of concrete cylinders under uniaxial compression.” Non-metallic (FRP) reinforcement for concrete structures, Japan Concrete Institute, Sapporo, Japan, 233–240.
Wu, Y. F., and Jiang, J. F. (2012). “Effective strain of FRP for confined circular concrete columns.” Compos. Struct., 95(1), 479–491.
Wu, Y.-F., Yun, Y., Wei, Y., and Zhou, Y. (2014). “Effect of predamage on the stress-strain relationship of confined concrete under monotonic loading.” J. Struct. Eng., .
Xiao, Q., Teng, J., and Yu, T. (2010). “Behavior and modeling of confined high-strength concrete.” J. Compos. Constr., 249–259.
Xiao, Y., and Wu, H. (2000). “Compressive behavior of concrete confined by carbon fiber composite jackets.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 139–146.
Yan, Z., Pantelides, C. P., and Reaveley, L. D. (2006). “Fiber-reinforced polymer jacketed and shape-modified compression members: I—Experimental behavior.” ACI Struct. J., 103(6), 885–893.
Zhang, Y.-X. (2013). “Behavior of large-size FRP-jacketed circular and rectangular reinforced concrete columns.” Master thesis, Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ., Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
Zou, Y., and Hong, H. P. (2011). “Reliability assessment of FRP-confined concrete columns designed for buildings.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng., 7(3), 243–258.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 21 • Issue 3 • June 2017
Copyright
©2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 13, 2016
Accepted: Sep 9, 2016
Published online: Oct 31, 2016
Discussion open until: Mar 31, 2017
Published in print: Jun 1, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.