Experimental Investigation of Bond between High-Modulus CFRP and Steel at Moderately Elevated Temperatures
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 20, Issue 6
Abstract
This paper presents the findings of a research study that was conducted to assess the effect of moderately elevated temperatures, up to 50°C, on the bond behavior of steel beams strengthened with externally bonded high-modulus carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates. In the first phase of the testing, seven steel-CFRP bonded double-lap shear coupons were tested at different temperatures to characterize the bond behavior. In the second phase of testing, steel beams were strengthened with different lengths of high-modulus CFRP plates and loaded under four-point bending at 25, 40, and 50°C. The test results indicate that the debonding load of bonded joints at 50°C is between 56 and 116% greater than the debonding load of similar joints at 25°C for the specific system tested in this study. This increase was attributed to an increase of the toughness of the tested adhesive at 50°C despite the lower tensile strength and stiffness of the material. The research findings suggest that the proposed strengthening system for steel beams is suitable for application at service temperatures up to 50°C.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The first author gratefully acknowledges the financial support provided by the Petroleum Pipeline Corporation (BOTAS). The authors also acknowledge the support provided through the University of Houston Small Grants Program and the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the in-kind contributions provided by Mitsubishi Plastics Composites America, Inc.
References
Al-Shawaf, A., Al-Mahaidi, R., and Zhao, X. L. (2009). “Effect of elevated temperature on bond behaviour of high-modulus CFRP/steel double-strap joints.” Aust. J. Struct. Eng., 10(1), 63–74.
ASTM. (2010). “Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics.” ASTM D638-10, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2014). “Standard test methods and definitions for mechanical testing of steel products.” ASTM A370-14, West Conshohocken, PA.
da Silva, L. F. M., Ochsner, A., and Adams, R. D. eds. (2011). Handbook of adhesion technology, Springer, Berlin.
Dawood, M., and Rizkalla, S. (2010). “Environmental durability of a CFRP system for strengthening steel structures.” Constr. Build. Mater., 24(9), 1682–1689.
Dawood, M., Rizkalla, S., and Guddati, M. (2009). “Effective splices for a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer: Strengthening system for steel bridges and structures.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2131, 125–133.
Dawood, M., Rizkalla, S., and Sumner, E. (2007). “Fatigue and overloading behavior of steel-concrete composite flexural members strengthened with high-modulus CFRP materials.” J. Compos. Constr., 659–669.
Dawood, M. M. R. (2005). “Fundamental behavior of steel concrete composite beams strengthened with high-modulus carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials.” Master’s thesis, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC.
Deng, J., and Lee, M. (2007). “Behaviour under static loading of metallic beams reinforced with a bonded CFRP plate.” Compos. Struct., 78(2), 232–242.
Deng, J., Lee, M., and Moy, S. (2004). “Stress analysis of steel beams reinforced with a bonded CFRP plate.” Compos. Struct., 65(2), 205–215.
Fawzia, S., Al-Mahaidi, R., and Zhao, X. (2006). “Experimental and finite element analysis of a double strap joint between steel plates and normal modulus CFRP.” Compos. Struct., 75(1–4), 156–162.
Fawzia, S., Zhao, X., and Al-Mahaidi, R. (2010). “Bond-slip models for double strap joints strengthened by CFRP.” Compos. Struct., 92(9), 2137–2145.
Gurit. (2015). “Spabond 345: Epoxy adhesive system.” Zurich, Switzerland, ⟨⟩ (Oct. 1, 2015).
Micro-Measurements. (2010). “Tech note TN-513-1: Measurement of thermal expansion coefficient using strain gauges.” Vishay Precision Group, Malvern, PA.
Mitsubishi Plastics Infratec. “Strengthening method of steel/concrete construction by CFRP strip: E-plate strengthening method.” Tokyo.
Narmashiri, K., Ramli Sulong, N., and Jumaat, M. (2011). “Flexural strengthening of steel I-beams by using CFRP strips.” Int. J. Phys. Sci., 6(7), 1620–1627.
Narmashiri, K., Ramli Sulong, N., and Jumaat, M. (2012). “Failure analysis and structural behavior of CFRP strengthened steel I-beams.” Constr. Build. Mater., 30, 1–9.
Nguyen, T., Bai, Y., Al-Mahaidi, R., and Zhao, X. (2012). “Time-dependent behavior of steel/CFRP double strap joints subjected to combined thermal and mechanical loading.” Compos. Struct., 94(5), 1834–1845.
Nguyen, T., Bai, Y., Zhao, X., and Al-Mahaidi, R. (2011). “Mechanical characterization of steel/CFRP double strap joints at elevated temperatures.” Compos. Struct., 93(6), 1604–1612.
Rizkalla, S., Dawood, M., and Schnerch, D. (2008). “Development of a carbon fiber reinforced polymer system for strengthening steel structures.” Compos. Part A-Appl. Sci. Manuf., 39(2), 388–397.
Schnerch, D., Dawood, M., Rizkalla, S., and Sumner, E. (2007). “Proposed design guidelines for strengthening of steel bridges with FRP materials.” Constr. Build. Mater., 21(5), 1001–1010.
Schnerch, D., Dawood, M., Rizkalla, S., Sumner, E., and Stanford, K. (2006). “Bond behavior of CFRP strengthened steel structures.” Adv. Struct. Eng., 9(6), 805–817.
Schnerch, D. A. (2005). “Strengthening of steel structures with high-modulus carbon reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials.” Ph.D. dissertation, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC.
Stratford, T., and Bisby, L. (2012). “Effect of warm temperatures on externally bonded FRP strengthening.” J. Compos. Constr., 235–244.
Stratford, T., and Cadei, J. (2006). “Elastic analysis of adhesion stresses for the design of a strengthening plate bonded to a beam.” Constr. Build. Mater., 20(1–2), 34–45.
Täljsten, B. (1997). “Defining anchor lengths of steel and CFRP plates bonded to concrete.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 17(4), 319–327.
Wu, C., Zhao, X., Duan, W., and Al-Mahaidi, R. (2012). “Bond characteristics between ultra high-modulus CFRP laminates and steel.” Thin-Walled Struct., 51, 147–157.
Xia, S. H., and Teng, J. G. (2005). “Behaviour of FRP-to-steel bonded joints.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Bond Behaviour of FRP in Structures (BBFS 2005), International Institute for FRP in Construction, Hong Kong.
Yu, T., Fernando, D., Teng, J., and Zhao, X. (2012). “Experimental study on CFRP-to-steel bonded interfaces.” Compos. Part B-Eng., 43(5), 2279–2289.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 9, 2015
Accepted: Feb 8, 2016
Published online: May 3, 2016
Discussion open until: Oct 3, 2016
Published in print: Dec 1, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.