Experimental Investigation of Concrete Shear Walls Reinforced with Glass Fiber–Reinforced Bars under Lateral Cyclic Loading
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 18, Issue 3
Abstract
The present study addresses the applicability of reinforced concrete shear walls totally reinforced with glass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars to attain reasonable strength and drift requirements as specified in different codes. Four large-scale shear walls—one reinforced with steel bars (as reference specimen) and three totally reinforced with GFRP bars—were constructed and tested to failure under quasistatic reversed cyclic lateral loading. The GFRP-reinforced walls have different aspect ratios covering the range of medium-rise walls. The reported test results clearly show that properly designed and detailed GFRP-reinforced walls could reach their flexural capacities with no strength degradation and that shear, sliding shear, and anchorage failures were not major problems and can be effectively controlled. The results also show recoverable and self-centering behavior up to allowable drift limits before moderate damage occurs and achieving a maximum drift meeting the limitation of most building codes. Acceptable levels of energy dissipation accompanied by relatively small residual forces, compared to the steel-reinforced wall, were observed. The promising results can provide impetus for constructing shear walls reinforced with GFRP and constitute a step toward using GFRP reinforcement in such lateral-resisting systems.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was conducted with funding from the Tier-1 Canada Research Chair in Advanced Composite Materials for Civil Structures and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC-Industry Research Chair program). The authors are also grateful to the staff of the new Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI) structural lab at the University of Sherbrooke’s Department of Civil Engineering.
References
American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 318. (2008). Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary (ACI 318-08), ACI, Farmington Hills, MI, 473.
American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 440. (2004). Guide test methods for fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) for reinforcing or strengthening concrete structures (ACI 440.3R-04), ACI, Farmington Hills, MI, 40.
American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 440. (2006). Guide for the design and construction of concrete reinforced with FRP bars (ACI 440.1R-06), ACI, Farmington Hills, MI, 44.
American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 440. (2007). Report on fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement concrete structures (ACI 440R-07), ACI, Farmington Hills, MI, 100.
ASTM. (2011). “Standard test method for tensile properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite bars.”, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bakis, C. E., et al. (2002). “Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for construction—State-of-the-art review.” J. Compos. Constr., 73–87.
Barda, F., Hanson, J. M., and Corley, G. W. (1977). “Shear strength of low-rise walls with boundary elements.” ACI Special Publication, 53(8), 149–202.
Canadian Standards Association (CAN/CSA). (2004). “Design of concrete structures standard.”, CSA, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 240.
Canadian Standards Association CAN/CSA. (2010). “Specification for fibre reinforced polymers.”, CSA, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 44.
Canadian Standards Association CAN/CSA. (2012). “Design and construction of building components with fiber-reinforced polymers.”, CSA, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 208.
Cardenas, A. E., Hanson, J. M., Corley, W. G., and Hognestad, E. (1973). “Design provisions for shear walls.” ACI J., 70(3), 221–230.
Corley, G. W., Fiorato, A. E., and Oesterle, R. G. (1981). “Structural walls.” ACI Special Publication, 72(4), 77–131.
Deitz, D. H., Harik, I. E., and Gesund, H. (2003). “Physical properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer rebars in compression.” J. Compos. Constr., 363–366.
Duffey, T. A., Farrar, C. R., and Goldman, A. (1994). “Low-rise shear wall ultimate drift limit.” Earthquake Spectra, 10(4), 655–674.
El-Salakawy, E., Benmokrane, B., El-Ragaby, A., and Nadeau, D. (2005). “Field investigation on the first bridge deck slab reinforced with glass FRP bars constructed in Canada.” J. Compos. Constr., 470–479.
Fédération Internationale du Béton (fib). (2007). “FRP reinforcement in RC structures.” Task Group 9.3, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Fintel, M. (1995). “Performance of buildings with shear walls in earthquakes of the last thirty years.” PCI J., 40(3), 62–80.
Huang, Z., and Foutch, D. A. (2009). “Effect of hysteresis type on drift limit for global collapse of moment frame structures under seismic loads.” J. Earthquake Eng., 13(7), 939–964.
ISIS Canada. (2007). Reinforcing concrete structures with fiber-reinforced polymers—Design manual No. 3, ISIS Canada Corporation, Manitoba, Canada.
Jiang, H., and Kurama, Y. C. (2010). “Analytical modeling of medium-rise reinforced concrete shear walls.” ACI Struct. J., 107(4), 400–410.
Kassem, C., Farghaly, A. S., and Benmokrane, B. (2011). “Evaluation of flexural behavior and serviceability performance of concrete beams reinforced with FRP Bars.” J. Compos. Constr., 682–695.
Massone, L. M., Orakcal, K., and Wallace, J. W. (2006). “Shear-flexure interaction for structural walls.” ACI Special Publication, 236(7), 127–150.
Massone, L. M., and Wallace, J. W. (2004). “Load—deformation responses of slender reinforced concrete walls.” ACI Struct. J., 101(1), 103–113.
Paulay, T. (1991). Seismic design of reinforced concrete systems, McGraw-Hill.
Paulay, T., and Priestley, M. J. N. (1995). Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings, John Wiley and Sons.
Salonikios, T. N., Kappos, A. J., Tegos, I. A., and Penelis, G. G. (1999). “Cyclic load behavior of low-slenderness reinforced concrete walls: Design basis and test results.” ACI Struct. J., 96(4), 649–660.
Salonikios, T. N., Kappos, A. J., Tegos, I. A., and Penelis, G. G. (2000). “Cyclic load behavior of low-slenderness reinforced concrete walls: failure modes, strength and deformation analysis, and design implications.” ACI Struct. J., 97(1), 132–142.
Sharbatdar, M. K., and Saatcioglu, M. (2009). “Seismic design of FRP reinforced concrete structures.” Asian J. Appl. Sci., 2(3), 211–222.
Sittipunt, C., Wood, S. L., Lukkunaprasit, P., and Pattararattanakul, P. (2001). “Cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete structural walls with diagonal web reinforcement.” ACI Struct. J., 98(4), 554–562.
Thomsen, J. H., IV, and Wallace, J. W. (2004). “Displacement-based design of slender RC structural walls—Experimental verification.” J. Struct. Eng., 130(4), 618–630.
Tobbi, H., Farghaly, A. S., and Benmokrane, B. (2012). “Concrete columns reinforced longitudinally and transversally with glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars.” ACI Struct. J., 109(4), 551–558.
Wallace, J. W., and Moehle, J. P. (1992). “Ductility and detailing requirements of bearing wall buildings.” J. Struct. Eng., 1625–1644.
Wyllie, L. A., Abrahamson, N., Bolt, B., Castro, G., and Durkin, M. E. (1986). “The chile earthquake of March 3, 1985- Performance of structures.” Earthquake Spectra, 2(2), 93–371.
Yamakawa, T., and Fujisaki, T. (1995). “A study on elasto-plastic behavior of structural walls reinforced by CFRP grids.” Proc. of the Second Int. Symp. on Non-metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-2), RILEM proc. 29, 267–274.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 18 • Issue 3 • June 2014
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 2, 2013
Accepted: May 5, 2013
Published online: May 6, 2013
Published in print: Jun 1, 2014
Discussion open until: Jun 6, 2014
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.