Instantaneous Load Intensities Incorporated with a Cold Region Environment for CFRP-Confined Concrete in Axial Compression
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 16, Issue 4
Abstract
This paper presents the durability performance of axially loaded concrete cylinders with or without carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) confinement subjected to a typical cold region environment associated with various instantaneous load intensities. These factors have been identified from previous research that examines critical attributes affecting the deterioration of constructed bridges in cold climate: aging and live load. A total of 31 cylinders are tested to study the effect of such critical factors. A three-dimensional finite-element model is developed to predict test results. Load-carrying capacity of the unconfined concrete decreases due to the environmental exposure and the decrease rate is accelerated with the presence of live load effects, including substantial crack propagation. For the confined cylinders, the effect of environment and instantaneous intensities is not significant in terms of strength and energy dissipation. The ACI440.2R-08 provisions are found to be adequate to estimate the capacity of CFRP-confined concrete subjected to a combined cold region environment and live load effect.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers gratefully acknowledge the support of North Dakota State University and the National Science Foundation (NSF) through North Dakota Experimental Program to Simulate Competitive Research (ND EPSCoR) with a Grant No. of FAR0014843. All findings shown here are those of the writers and do not necessarily represent the opinion of the funding agencies.
References
Akkaya, Y., Voigt, T., Subramaniam, K. V., and Shah, S. P. (2003). “Nondestructive measurement of concrete strength gain by an ultrasonic wave reflection method.” Mater. Struct., 36(8), 507–514.MASTED
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (2007). “Report on fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement for concrete structures.” ACI-440R-07, ACI Committee 440, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (2008a). “Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary.” ACI-318, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (2008b). “Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures.” ACI-440.2R-08, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.
ANSYS. (2011). On-line manual, ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA.
ASTM. (1998). “Standard practice for making and curing concrete test specimens in the field.” ASTM C31, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bank, L. C. (2006). Composites for construction, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
BASF Construction Chemicals. (2007). MBrace CF130 unidirectional high strength carbon fiber fabric for the MBrace composite strengthening system, Shakopee, MN.
Becque, J., Patnaik, A. K., and Rizkalla, S. H. (2003). “Analytical models for concrete confined with FRP tubes.” J. Compos. Constr., 7(1), 31–38.JCCOF2
Bowditch, M. R. (1996). “The durability of adhesive joints in the presence of water.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 16(2), 73–79.IJAADK
Canadian Standards Association (CSA). (2006). Canadian highway bridge design code (CHBDC): S6-06, CSA International, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Chakrabarti, A., Chandra, A., and Bharagava, P. (2008). “Finite element analysis of concrete columns confined with FRP sheets.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 27(12), 1349–1373.JRPCDW
De Lorenzis, L., and Tepfers, R. (2003). “Comparative study of models on confinement of concrete cylinders with fiber-reinforced polymer composites.” J. Compos. Constr., 7(3), 219–237.JCCOF2
El-Hacha, R., Green, M. F., and Wight, R. G. (2010). “Effect of severe environmental exposure on CFRP wrapped concrete columns.” J. Compos. Constr., 14(1), 83–93.JCCOF2
Fahmy, M. F. M., and Wu, Z. (2010). “Evaluating and proposing models of circular concrete columns confined with different FRP composites.” Composites, Part B, 41(3), 199–213.CPBEFF
Fam, A., Kong, A., and Green, M. F. (2008). “Effects of freezing and thawing cycles and sustained loading on compressive strength of precast concrete composite piles.” PCI J., 53(1), 109–120.PCIJEE
Green, M. F., Bisby, L. A., Fam, A., and Kodur, K. R. (2006). “FRP confined columns: Behaviour under extreme conditions.” Cem. Concr. Compos.CCOCEG, 28(10), 928–937.
Intelligent Sensing for Innovative Structures (ISIS). (2001). Strengthening reinforced concrete structures with externally-bonded fiber reinforced polymers (Design Manual No. 4), The Canadian Network of Centres of Excellence on Intelligent Sensing for Innovative Structures (ISIS Canada), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Karbhari, V. M. (2002). “Response of fiber reinforced polymer confined concrete exposed to freeze and freeze-thaw regimes.” J. Compos. Constr., 6(1), 35–40.JCCOF2
Karbhari, V., and Gao, Y. (1997). “Composite jacked concrete under uniaxial compression—Verification of simple design equations.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 9(4), 185–193.JMCEE7
Kim, Y. J., Green, M. F., and Wight, R. G. (2010). “Effect of prestress levels in prestressed concrete beams strengthened with prestressed CFRP sheets: Numerical parametric study.” PCI J., 55(2), 96–108.PCIJEE
Kim, Y. J., and Yoon, D. K. (2010). “Identifying critical sources of bridge deterioration in cold regions through the constructed bridges in North Dakota.” J. Bridge Eng., 15(5), 542–552.JBENF2
Kong, A., Fam, A., and Green, M. F. (2005). “Freeze-thaw behavior of FRP-confined concrete under sustained load.” 7th Int. Symp. on Fiber-Reinforced (FRP) Polymer Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, SP-230, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 705–722.
Krauthammer, T., Elfahal, M. M., Lim, J., Ohno, T., Beppu, M., and Markeset, G. (2003). “Size effect for high-strength concrete cylinders subjected to axial impact.” Int. J. Impact Eng., 28(9), 1001–1016.IJIED4
Lam, L., and Teng, J. G. (2003). “Design-oriented stress-strain model for FRP-confined concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 17(6–7), 471–489.CBUMEZ
Lapique, F., and Redford, K. (2002). “Curing effects on viscosity and mechanical properties of a commercial epoxy resin adhesive.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 22(4), 337–346.IJAADK
Mbrace. (2003). MBrace saturant: Epoxy encapsulation resin, Watson Bowman Acme, Amherst, NY.
Mirmiran, A., and Shahawy, M. (1997). “Behavior of concrete columns confined by fiber composites.” J. Struct. Eng.JSENDH, 123(5), 583–590.
Miyauchi, K., Nishibayashi, S., and Inoue, S. (1997). “Estimation of strengthening effects with carbon fiber sheet for concrete column.” 3rd Int. Symp. on Fiber-Reinforced (FRP) Polymer Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 217–224.
Prado, P. J., Balcom, B. J., Beyea, S. D., Bremner, T. W., Armstrong, R. L., and Grattan-Bellew, P. E. (1998). “Concrete freeze-thaw as studied by magnetic resonance imaging.” Cem. Concr. Res., 28(2), 261–270.CCNRAI
Samaan, M., Mirmiran, A., and Shahawy, M. (1998). “Model of concrete confined by fiber composites.” J. Struct. Eng.JSENDH, 124(9), 1025–1031.
Singhvi, A., and Mirmiran, A. (2002). “Conditioned FRP-RC beams using fiber optic sensors.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 21(4), 351–373.JRPCDW
Soudki, K. A., and Green, M. F. (1996). “Performance of CFRP retrofitted concrete columns at low temperatures.” Proc., Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures (ACMBS), Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (CSCE), Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 427–442.
Toutanji, H. (1999). “Stress-strain characteristics of concrete columns externally confined with advanced fiber composite sheets.” ACI Mater. J., 96(3), 397–404.AMAJEF
Toutanji, H., and Balaguru, P. (1998). “Durability characteristics of concrete columns wrapped with FRP tow sheets.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 10(1), 52–57.JMCEE7
Toutanji, H. A., Zhao, L., and Isaacs, G. (2007). “Durability studies on concrete columns confined with advanced fibre composites.” Int. J. Mater. Prod. Technol., 28(1/2), 8–28.IJMTE2
Willam, K. J., and Warnke, E. D. (1975). “Constitutive model for the triaxial behavior of concrete.” Proc. Int. Assoc. for Bridge and Structural Engineering, International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), Zurich, Switzerland, 1–30.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 16 • Issue 4 • August 2012
Pages: 440 - 450
Copyright
© 2012. American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 2, 2011
Accepted: Dec 8, 2011
Published online: Dec 10, 2011
Published in print: Aug 1, 2012
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.