Repair and Retrofit of RC Bridge Piers with Steel-Reinforced Grout Jackets: An Experimental Investigation
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 27, Issue 8
Abstract
Many concrete bridges around the world have passed their service life and are at high risk of collapse, especially in active seismic regions. This is particularly true in many developing and underdeveloped countries, where deficient construction and underpreparedness would result in a major catastrophe should a major seismic event occur. Thus, there lies a need to introduce an efficient, cost-effective, and readily available method of bridge rehabilitation. In this study, steel-reinforced grout (SRG) jacketing is used as a seismic strengthening technique for reinforced concrete bridge piers. Two bridge piers, one seismically damaged and one seismically deficient, were jacketed with SRG and then tested to observe their seismic response. The findings from the experimental program revealed that SRG jacketing can rehabilitate/repair a damaged bridge pier, and restore its flexural capacity, energy dissipation capacity, and ductility. While strengthening a seismically deficient pier, results showed that the flexural capacity and energy dissipation capacity could be improved, and ductility could be enhanced.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the financial support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada through an Engage Grant. The findings achieved herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.
References
Abdelnaby, A. E., and A. S. Elnashai. 2014. “Performance of degrading reinforced concrete frame systems under the Tohoku and Christchurch earthquake sequences.” J. Earthquake Eng. 18 (7): 1009–1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2014.923796.
Abdelnaby, A. E., and A. S. Elnashai. 2015. “Numerical modeling and analysis of RC frames subjected to multiple earthquakes.” Earthquakes Struct. 9 (5): 957–981. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.9.5.957.
Aftabur, R., and U. Shajib. 2012. “Seismic vulnerability assessment of RC structures: A review.” Int. J. Sci. Emerging Technol. 4 (4): 171–177.
AL-Hawarneh, M., and M. S. Alam. 2021. “Lateral cyclic response of RC bridge piers made of recycled concrete: Experimental study.” J. Bridge Eng. 26 (5): 04021018. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001703.
Ali, H. 1998. Earthquake database and seismic zoning of Bangladesh. Dept. of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh Univ. of Engineering and Technology.
ASCE. 2017. “9 March, 2017 infrastructure report card.” ASCE News.
Bisby, L. A., M. F. Green, and V. K. R. Kodur. 2005. “Response to fire of concrete structures that incorporate FRP.” Prog. Struct. Mater. Eng. 7 (3): 136–149. https://doi.org/10.1002/pse.198.
Bournas, D. A., P. V. Lontou, C. G. Papanicolaou, and T. C. Triantafillou. 2007. “Textile-reinforced mortar versus fiber-reinforced polymer confinement in reinforced concrete columns.” ACI Struct. J. 6 (104): 740–748.
CAN/CSA-S6. 1974. Design of highway bridges. CAN/CSA-S6-74. Rexdale, Ottawa, ON, Canada: Canadian Standards Association.
Cassidy, J. F., G. C. Rogers, and F. Waldhauser. 2000. “Characterization of active faulting beneath the strait of Georgia, British Columbia.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 90 (5): 1188–1199. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000044.
Chellapandian, M., S. S. Prakash, V. Mahadik, and A. Sharma. 2019. “Experimental and numerical studies on effectiveness of hybrid FRP strengthening on behavior of RC columns under high eccentric compression.” J. Bridge Eng. 24 (6): 04019048. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001420.
CIRC (Canadian Infrastructure Report Card). 2019. Canada infrastructure report card 2019, 1–56. Ottawa, ON, Canada: CIRC.
Deng, M., Y. Zhang, and Q. Li. 2018. “Shear strengthening of RC short columns with ECC jacket: Cyclic behavior tests.” Eng. Struct. 160: 535–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.01.061.
De Santis, S., F. Roscini, and G. de Felice. 2018. “Full-scale tests on masonry vaults strengthened with steel reinforced grout.” Composites, Part B 141 (December 2017): 20–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.12.023.
Fry, B., R. A. Benites, and C. Francois-Holden. 2011. “The effect of near-field topography on the 2011 Mw 6.3 Christchurch, NZ, earthquake.” In American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2011. San Francisco: Arctic Research Consortium of the United States.
Gangarao, H., and P. Vijay. 2010. Feasibility review of FRP materials for structural applications. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Virginia Univ.
Gordon, P., H. W. Richardson, and B. Davis. 1998. “Transport-related impacts of the Northridge earthquake.” J. Transp. Stat. 1 (2): 21–36.
Haroun, M. A., and H. M. Elsanadedy. 2005. “Behavior of cyclically loaded squat reinforced concrete bridge columns upgraded with advanced composite-material jackets.” J. Bridge Eng. 10 (6): 741–748. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2005)10:6(741).
Hossain, M. 2017. “Repairing and retrofitting of non-seismically designed reinforced concrete circular bridge piers with low grade glass fibre reinforced polymer.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia.
Huang, X., V. Birman, A. Nanni, and G. Tunis. 2005. “Properties and potential for application of steel reinforced polymer and steel reinforced grout composites.” Composites, Part B 36: 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(03)00080-5.
IBC (Insurance Bureau of Canada). 2013. Study of impact and the insurance and economic cost of a major earthquake in British Columbia and Ontario/Quebec. Toronto, ON: Insurance Bureau of Canada.
Kaish, A. B. M. A., M. Jamil, S. N. Raman, M. F. M. Zain, and L. Nahar. 2018. “Ferrocement composites for strengthening of concrete columns: A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 160: 326–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.054.
Kawashima, K., M. Hosotani, and K. Yoneda. 2000. “Carbon fiber sheet retrofit of reinforced concrete bridge piers.” In Proc. of the Int. Workshop on Annual Commemoration of Chi-Chi Earthquake, 124–135. Taipei, Taiwan: National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering.
Mazzuca, S., H. A. Hadad, L. Ombres, and A. Nanni. 2019. “Mechanical characterization of steel-reinforced grout for strengthening of existing masonry and concrete structures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (5): 04019037. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002669.
Napoli, A., and R. Realfonzo. 2015. “Reinforced concrete beams strengthened with SRP/SRG systems: Experimental investigation.” Constr. Build. Mater. 93: 654–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.027.
NRCAN (Natural Resources Canada). 2017. Simplified seismic hazard map for Canada, the provinces and territories. Ottawa, ON, Canada: NRCAN.
Nigel Priestley, M. J., F. Seible, Y. Xiao, and R. Verma. 1994. “Steel jacket retrofitting of reinforced concrete bridge columns for enhanced shear strength. Part 2: Test results and comparison with theory.” ACI Mater. J. 91 (5): 537–551.
Ombres, L., and S. Verre. 2015. “Structural behaviour of fabric reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) strengthened concrete columns under eccentric loading.” Composites, Part B 75: 235–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.01.042.
Ombres, L., and S. Verre. 2019. “Flexural strengthening of RC beams with steel-reinforced grout: Experimental and numerical investigation.” J. Compos. Constr. 23 (5): 04019035. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000960.
Onur, T. 2002. “Seismic risk assessment in southwestern British Columbia.” Ph.D. thesis. Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia.
Paul, B. K., and R. H. Bhuiyan. 2010. “Urban earthquake hazard: Perceived seismic risk and preparedness in Dhaka city, Bangladesh.” Disasters 34 (2): 337–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2009.01132.x.
Pavese, A., D. Bolognini, and S. Peloso. 2004. “FRP seismic retrofit of RC square hollow section bridge piers.” J. Bridge Eng. 8: 225–250.
Shahreza, S. K., G. Baietti, G. Quartarone, M. Santandrea, and C. Carloni. 2020. “Effect of steel-reinforced grout confinement on concrete square and cylindrical columns.” ACI Struct. J. 117 (5): 97–108.
Shin, M., and B. Andrawes. 2010. “Experimental investigation of actively confined concrete using shape memory alloys.” Eng. Struct. 32 (3): 656–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.11.012.
Shin, M., and B. Andrawes. 2011. “Lateral cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete columns retrofitted with shape memory spirals and FRP wraps.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (11): 1282–1290. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000364.
Sim, J., C. Park, and D. Y. Moon. 2005. “Characteristics of basalt fiber as a strengthening material for concrete structures.” Composites, Part B 36 (6–7): 504–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2005.02.002.
Sneed, L. H., G. Baietti, G. Fraioli, and C. Carloni. 2019. “Compressive behavior of brick masonry columns confined with steel-reinforced grout jackets.” J. Compos. Constr. 23 (5): 04019037. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000963.
Thermou, G. E., and I. Hajirasouliha. 2018. “Compressive behaviour of concrete columns confined with steel-reinforced grout jackets.” Composites, Part B 138 (April 2017): 222–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.11.041.
Thermou, G. E., K. Katakalos, and G. Manos. 2015. “Concrete confinement with steel-reinforced grout jackets.” Mater. Struct. 48 (5): 1355–1376.
Thermou, G. E., K. Katakalos, and G. Manos. 2016. “Influence of the cross section shape on the behaviour of SRG-confined prismatic concrete specimens.” Mater. Struct. 49: 869–887. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0545-2.
Thermou, G. E., K. Katakalos, and G. Manos. 2018. “Experimental investigation of substandard RC columns confined with SRG jackets under compression.” Compos. Struct. 184: 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.09.082.
Thermou, G. E., V. K. Papanikolaou, and I. Hajirasouliha. 2021. “Structural performance of RC columns retrofitted with steel-reinforced grout jackets under combined axial and lateral loading.” Eng. Struct. 245: 112946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112946.
Thermou, G. E., V. K. Papanikolaou, C. Lioupis, and I. Hajirasouliha. 2019. “Steel-reinforced grout (SRG) strengthening of shear-critical RC beams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 216: 68–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.259.
Wakjira, T. G., and U. Ebead. 2019. “Experimental and analytical study on strengthening of reinforced concrete T-beams in shear using steel reinforced grout (SRG).” Composites, Part B 177: 107368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107368.
Wakjira, T. G., and U. Ebead. 2020. “Shear span-to-depth ratio effect on steel reinforced grout strengthened reinforced concrete beams.” Eng. Struct. 216: 110737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110737.
Wesemann, L., T. Hamilton, S. Tabaie, and G. Bare. 1996. “Cost-of-delay studies for freeway closures caused by Northridge earthquake.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1559: 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155900109.
Wu, C., Z. Pan, R. K. L. Su, C. K. Y. Leung, and S. Meng. 2017. “Seismic behavior of steel reinforced ECC columns under constant axial loading and reversed cyclic lateral loading.” Mater. Struct. 50: 78. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0947-9.
Xiong, G. J., X. Y. Wu, F. F. Li, and Z. Yan. 2011. “Load carrying capacity and ductility of circular concrete columns confined by ferrocement including steel bars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (5): 2263–2268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.014.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 27 • Issue 8 • August 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 18, 2021
Accepted: Mar 31, 2022
Published online: Jun 15, 2022
Published in print: Aug 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Nov 15, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Hana Yousef Al Sholi, Tadesse Wakjira, Adeeb A. Kutty, Sehrish Habib, Muna Alfadhli, Bajeela Aejas, Murat Kucukvar, Nuri C. Onat, Doyoon Kim, How circular economy can reduce scope 3 carbon footprints: Lessons learned from FIFA world cup Qatar 2022, Circular Economy, 10.1016/j.cec.2023.100026, 2, 1, (100026), (2023).
- Laijun Liu, Song Lei, Fangwen Wu, Weiwei Lin, Kai Peng, Xiangyan Fan, Experimental Study on Seismic Performance of Precast Columns Repaired with CFRP Fabrics, Materials, 10.3390/ma15217443, 15, 21, (7443), (2022).
- Tzanetis Vogiatzis, Themistoklis Tsalkatidis, Evangelos Efthymiou, The wall–frame interaction effect in CLT-steel hybrid systems, Frontiers in Built Environment, 10.3389/fbuil.2022.1008973, 8, (2022).