Finite Element Analysis of Highway Bridges Subjected to Hurricane Storm Surge via the AMBUSH Framework

Acknowledgments

Notation

A_x

submerged area projected in the x-direction of Fig. 2;

A_y

submerged area projected in the y-direction of Fig. 2;

C_a

entrapped air coefficient;

C_d

drag coefficient;

C_m

inertia coefficient;

D

water depth corresponding to SWL as shown in Fig. 2;

E

elastic modulus of concrete;

F_a

entrapped air force;

F_b

buoyancy force;

F_d

drag force;

F_dx

drag force in the x-direction of Fig. 2;

F_dy

drag force in the y-direction of Fig. 2;

F_i

inertia force;

F_ix

inertia force in the x-direction of Fig. 2;

F_iy

inertia force in the y-direction of Fig. 2;

F_tw

total wave force;

F_y

total vertical force on a bridge span;

f_c

compressive strength of concrete;

g

acceleration of gravity;

H

wave height as shown in Fig. 2;

k

2π/L;

L

wavelength;

R²

coefficient of determination;

R_y-G1

Maximum vertical single girder force calculated according to AASHTO (2008) when %AIR = 20;

R_y-max

maximum vertical single girder force calculated according to AMBUSH;

T

wave period;

t

current time;

u

horizontal velocity as defined in Fig. 2;

$\dot{u}$

horizontal water particle acceleration; derivative of the horizontal velocity (u) equation in Fig. 2;

sV_s

submerged volume;

W

weight of a bridge span;

w

vertical velocity as defined in Fig. 2;

$\dot{w}$

vertical water particle acceleration; derivative of the vertical velocity (w) equation in Fig. 2;

x

horizontal position as shown in Fig. 2;

y

vertical position as shown in Fig. 2;

η

surface wave elevation as shown in Fig. 2;

ρ

density of water;

ρ_c

density of concrete;

υ

Poisson's ratio;

ω

circular or radian frequency, or 2π/T; and

%AIR1

Amount of air trapped inside the cells of a bridge superstructure according to AASHTO (2008).

References