Large-Scale Flexure Fracture Experiments on High-Toughness Steel
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 24, Issue 7
Abstract
Modern advances in steel production have resulted in materials with increased fracture resistance. Material characterization studies have quantified fracture behavior, while large-scale experimental tests have demonstrated large critical crack lengths. Early testing focused on demonstrating the extreme potential of high-toughness materials. Recently, a test program utilizing large-scale specimens aimed to identify the toughness level appropriate for steel bridge design of structures traditionally classified as fracture critical. The work resulted in the concept of an integrated fracture control plan (FCP), combining the intent of the original AASHTO FCP from 1978 with modern advances in steel production, analysis, and understanding of fracture mechanics. An integrated FCP prevents fracture through a series of interrelated components, which influence each other in a rational and quantifiable way. The project was comprised of material characterization, full-scale fracture testing of steel bridge components, three-dimensional finite-element analysis (FEA), and an analytical parametric study. Large-scale flexure test results, which included both traditional and high-toughness materials, are presented. Results suggest historical large-scale fracture testing practices may result in critical crack lengths larger than would be expected in service due to the generation of high compressive residual stresses at the crack tip after unsuccessful fracture attempts on a given specimen. Further, fracture toughness demands calculated using FEA compared well with material characterization testing. Results indicated that fracture toughness values indirectly obtained from large-scale experiments should be calculated using FEA. Ultimately, the high-toughness steels tested demonstrated greatly improved fracture performance. High-toughness material, examined at a Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact energy of 170 J (125 ft-lbf), exhibited a 285% increase in critical fracture toughness as compared with a material with over twice the impact resistance of the current specification.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AASHTO. 1978. Guide specifications for fracture critical non-redundant steel bridge members. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2011. The manual for bridge evaluation. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2017. AASHTO LRFD bridge design specification. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Allen, P. A., and D. N. Wells. 2017. Analytical round robin for elastic-plastic analysis of surface cracked plates, phase II results. NASA/TM—2017–218233. Huntsville, AL: NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center.
ASTM. 2015a. Standard test method for measurement of fracture toughness. ASTM E1820-15a. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015b. Standard test method for measurement of initiation toughness in surface cracks under tension and bending. ASTM E2899-15. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016. Standard specification for structural steel for bridges, 1–8. ASTM A709-16. A70–A709M(A709/A709M). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. “Standard test method for determination of reference temperature, for ferritic steels in the transition range.” ASTM E1921-17A. In ASTM book of standards, 1–27. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Collins, W., R. Sherman, R. Leon, and R. Connor. 2019. “Fracture toughness characterization of high performance steel for bridge girder applications.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (4): 04019027. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002636.
Connor, R. J., W. N. Collins, and R. J. Sherman. 2015. Design and fabrication standards to eliminate fracture critical concerns in two girder bridge systems—Fracture characterization of high performance steel. TPF‐5(238). West Lafayette, IN: Purdue Univ.
Connor, R. J., R. J. Sherman, and W. N. Collins. 2016. Design and fabrication standards to eliminate fracture critical concerns in two girder bridge systems—Experimental testing. TPF-5(238). West Lafayette, IN: Purdue Univ.
Dexter, R. J., and M. L. Gentilcore. 1997. Evaluation of ductile fracture models for ship structural steels. Washington, DC: Ship Structures Committee, US Coast Guard.
McCabe, D. E., J. G. Merkle, and K. Wallin. 2005. An introduction to the development and use of the master curve method. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM. https://doi.org/10.1520/MNL52-EB.
Roberts, R., J. W. Fisher, G. R. Irwin, K. D. Boyer, H. Hausammann, G. V. Krishna, V. Morf, and R. E. Slockbower. 1977. Determination of tolerable flaw sizes in full size welded bridge details. Rep. FHWA-RD-77-170. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration, Offices of Research and Development.
Schilling, C. G., K. H. Klippstein, J. M. Barsom, A. R. Novak, and G. T. Blake. 1972. Low-temperature tests of simulated bridge members. Technical Report, Project No. 97.021-001(3), AISI Project 168. Monroeville, PA: US Steel Research Laboratory.
Sherman, R. J. 2016. “Standards to control fracture in steel bridges through the use of high-toughness steel and rational inspection intervals.” Ph.D. dissertation, Purdue Univ. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI10190886/.
Sherman, R. J., W. N. Collins, and R. J. Connor. 2019. “Material characterization of high-toughness steel.” Struct. 20: 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2019.02.016.
Wallin, K. 2011. Fracture toughness of engineering materials: Estimation and application. Warrington, UK: EMAS Publications.
Wells, D. N., and P. A. Allen. 2012. Analytical round robin for elastic-plastic analysis of surface cracked plate: Phase I results. Huntsville, AL: NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center.
Wright, W. J. 2003. “Fracture initiation resistance of I-girders fabricated from high-performance steels.” Ph.D. dissertation, Lehigh Univ. https://books.google.com/books/about/Fracture_Initiation_Resistance_of_I_gird.html?id=lepPNwAACAAJ.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 11, 2018
Accepted: Feb 7, 2019
Published online: May 1, 2019
Published in print: Jul 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Oct 1, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.