Incorporation of Skew Effects in Live-Load Distribution Factors Developed for Typical Integral Bridges
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 23, Issue 2
Abstract
In current bridge design specifications, no provisions exist for live-load distribution (LLD) in the components of skewed integral bridges (SIBs). Thus, in this study, skew correction factors (SCFs) were developed for the girders, abutments, and piles of SIBs to adjust the readily available LLD formulae for integral bridges (IBs). For this purpose, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) structural models (SMs) of numerous SIBs were constructed and then analyzed to calculate the LLD factors (LLDFs) for SIB components as a function of the skew angle and various structural parameters. The ratio of the LLDFs for SIBs to those for the same bridges with no skew were then used to formulate SCFs. Live-load (LL) effects in SIB components were then simply obtained by multiplying the SCFs with the results obtained from the readily available LLD formulae in the literature. The comparison of the results with those from structural analyses revealed that using the developed SCFs together with readily available LLD formulae for regular IBs yields reasonably good estimates of LL moment and shear in SIB components.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AASHTO. (2014). LRFD bridge design specifications, 7th Ed.,Washington, DC.
ANSYS [Computer software].SAS IP Inc.,Canonsburg, PA.
Bae, H. U., and Oliva, M. G. (2012). “Moment and shear load distribution factors for multigirder bridges subjected to overloads.” J. Bridge Eng., 519–527.
Bishara, A. G., Liu, M. C., and El-Ali, N. D. (1993). “Wheel load distribution on simply supported skew I-beam composite bridges.” J. Struct. Eng., 399–419.
Brockenbrough, R. L. (1986). “Distribution factors for curved I-girder bridges.” J. Struct. Eng., 2200–2215.
Burke, M. P. Jr. (2009). Integral and semi-integral bridges,John Wiley and Sons,West Sussex, U.K.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). (2014). Canadian highway bridge design code,Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
Deng, Y., Phares, B. M., and Lu, P. (2017). “Lateral live-load distribution of dual-lane vehicles with nonstandard axle configurations.” J. Bridge Eng., 04016136.
Dicleli, M., and Erhan, S. (2008). “Effect of soil and substructure properties on live load distribution in integral abutment bridges.” J. Bridge Eng., 527–539.
Dicleli, M., and Erhan, S. (2009). “Live load distribution formulas for single-span prestressed concrete integral abutment bridge girders.” J. Bridge Eng., 472–486.
Dicleli, M., and Erhan, S. (2010). “Effect of superstructure-abutment continuity on live load distribution in integral abutment bridge girders.” Struct. Eng. Mech.,34(5), 635–662.
Dicleli, M., and Yalcin, O. F. (2014). “Critical truck loading pattern to maximize live load effects in skewed integral bridges.” Struct. Eng. Int.,24(2), 265–274.
Erhan, S., and Dicleli, M. (2009a). “Investigation of the applicability of AASHTO LRFD live load distribution equations for integral bridge substructures.” Adv. Struct. Eng.,12(4), 559–578.
Erhan, S., and Dicleli, M. (2009b). “Live load distribution equations for integral bridge substructures.” Eng. Struct,31(5), 1250–1264.
Fausett, R. W. (2013). “Live-load test and finite-model analysis of an integral abutment concrete girder bridge.” M.Sc. thesis,Utah State Univ.,Logan, UT.
Hassiotis, S., and Roman, E. K. (2005). “A survey of current issues on the use of integral abutment bridges.” Bridge Struct.,1(2), 81–101.
Hays, C. O., Sessions, L. M., and Berry, A. J. (1986). “Further studies on lateral load distribution using a finite element method.” Transp. Res. Rec.,1072, 6–14.
Hodson, D. J., Barr, P. J., and Halling, M. W. (2012). “Live-load analysis of posttensioned box-girder bridges.” J. Bridge Eng., 644–651.
Hughs, E., and Idriss, R. (2006). “Live-load distribution factors for prestressed concrete, spread box-girder bridge.” J. Bridge Eng., 573–581.
Huo, X. S., Wasserman, E. P., and Iqbal, R. A. (2005). “Simplified method for calculating lateral distribution factors for live load shear.” J. Bridge Eng., 544–554.
Husain, I., and Bagnariol, D. (1996). “Integral abutment bridges.” Rep. SO-96-01,Ontario Ministry of Transportation,St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
Imbsen, R. A., and Nutt, R. V. (1978). “Load distribution study on highway bridges using STRUDL finite element analysis capabilities.” Proc., Conf. on Computing in Civil Engineering,ASCE,Reston, VA.
Kalayci, E. (2012). “Performance monitoring and analysis of integral abutment bridges.” Ph.D. thesis,Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst,MA.
Kim, Y. J., Tanovic, R., and Wight, R. G. (2010). “Load configuration and lateral distribution of NATO wheeled military trucks for steel I-girder bridges.” J. Bridge Eng., 740–748.
Mabsout, M. E., Tarhini, K. M., Frederick, G. R., and Tayar, C. (1997). “Finite element analysis of steel girder highway bridges.” J. Bridge Eng., 83–87.
Menassa, C., Mabsout, M., Tarhini, K., and Frederick, G. (2007). “Influence of skew angle on reinforced concrete slab bridges.” J. Bridge Eng., 205–214.
Nikravan, N. (2013). “Structural design issues for integral abutment bridges.” Ph.D. thesis,Ryerson Univ.,Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Oudah, F., Norlander, G., and El-Hacha, R. (2017). “Live-load factor and load combination for bridge systems conveying extremely heavy mining trucks.” J. Bridge Eng., 04016140.
Puckett, J. A., Mertz, D., Huo, X. S., Jablin, M. C., Peavy, M. D., and Patrick, M. D. (2006). “Simplified live load distribution factor equations.” NCHRP Project 12-62 Final Rep.,Transportation Research Board,Washington, DC.
SAP2000 [Computer software].Computers and Structures, Inc.,Berkeley, CA.
Seo, J., Phares, B. M., Dahlberg, J., Wipf, T. J., and Abu-Hawash, A. (2014a). “A framework for statistical distribution factor threshold determination of steel–concrete composite bridges under farm traffic.” Eng. Struct.,69, 72–82.
Seo, J., Phares, B., and Wipf, T. J. (2014b). “Lateral live-load distribution characteristics of simply supported steel girder bridges loaded with implements of husbandry.” J. Bridge Eng., 04013021.
Shi, X., Zhou, Z., and Ruan, X. (2016). “Failure analysis of a girder bridge collapse under eccentric heavy vehicles.” J. Bridge Eng., 05016009.
Tarhini, K. M., and Frederick, G. R. (1992). “Wheel load distribution in I girder highway bridges.” J. Struct. Eng., 1285–1294.
Théoret, P., Massicotte, B., and Conciatori, D. (2012). “Analysis and design of straight and skewed slab bridges.” J. Bridge Eng., 289–301.
White, H., Pétursson, H., and Collin, P. (2010). “Integral abutment bridges: The European way.” Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr., 201–208.
Yalcin, O. F., and Dicleli, M. (2013). “Comparative study on the effect of number of girders on live load distribution in integral abutment and simply supported bridge girders.” Adv. Struct. Eng.,16(6), 1011–1034.
Yan, J., Deng, L., and He, W. (2017). “Evaluation of existing prestressed concrete bridges considering the randomness of live load distribution factor due to random vehicle loading position.” Adv. Struct. Eng.,20(5), 737–746.
Yousif, Z., and Hindi, R. (2007). “AASHTO-LRFD live load distribution for beam-and-slab bridges: Limitations and applicability.” J. Bridge Eng., 765–773.
Zhao, J. J., and Tonias, D. E. (2014). Bridge engineering: Design, rehabilitation and maintenance of modern highway bridges,Lulu Press, Inc.,Morrisville, NC.
Zokaie, T. (2000). “AASHTO-LRFD live load distribution specifications.” J. Bridge Eng., 131–138.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 23 • Issue 2 • February 2018
Copyright
© 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 16, 2017
Accepted: Aug 23, 2017
Published online: Dec 4, 2017
Published in print: Feb 1, 2018
Discussion open until: May 4, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.