Evaluation of Unknown Foundations Using Surface-Based Full Waveform Tomography
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 21, Issue 5
Abstract
An application of two-dimensional (2D) time-domain full waveform tomography is presented to evaluate existing foundations using surface-based seismic wave fields. The full waveform inversion (FWI) technique is based on a finite-difference solution of 2D elastic wave equations and the Gauss–Newton inversion method. Both compression-wave (P-wave) and shear-wave (S-wave) velocities are inverted independently and simultaneously to increase the credibility of characterized profiles. The FWI technique was applied on both synthetic and real experimental data sets. Inverted results of synthetic data revealed that individual embedded foundation elements (piles) and soil between piles were distinguished. For real experimental data, seismic surface wave fields were measured next to two drilled shafts with a 1.2-m diameter and a 15-m length and then inverted by the FWI technique. The waveform analysis successfully profiled embedded shaft elements and subsurface soil stratigraphy, and shaft lengths of 15 m were also predicted.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Brenders, A. J., and Pratt, R. G. (2007). “Full waveform tomography for lithospheric imaging: Results from a blind test in a realistic crustal model.” Geophys. J. Int., 168(1), 133–151.
Busch, S., Van der Kruk, J., Bikowski, J., and Vereecken, H. (2012). “Quantitative conductivity and permittivity estimation using full-waveform inversion of on-ground GPR data.” Geophysics, 77(6), H79–H91.
Cheong, S., Pyun, S., and Shin, C. (2006). “Two efficient steepest-descent algorithms for source signature-free waveform inversion.” J. Seismic Explor., 14(4), 335–348.
Choi, Y., and Alkhalifah, T. (2011). “Source-independent time-domain waveform inversion using convolved wavefields: Application to the encoded multisource waveform inversion.” Geophysics, 76(5), R125–R134.
Ernst, J. R., Green A. G., Maurer, H., and Holliger, K. (2007). “Application of a new 2D time-domain full-waveform inversion scheme to crosshole radar data.” Geophysics, 72(5), J53–J64.
Gélis, C., Virieux, J., and Grandjean, G. (2007). “Two-dimensional elastic waveform inversion using Born and Rytov formulations in the frequency domain.” Geophys. J. Int., 168(2), 605–633.
Groos, L., Schäfer, M., Forbriger, T., and Bohlen, T. (2014). “The role of attenuation in 2D full-waveform inversion of shallow-seismic body and Rayleigh waves.” Geophysics, 79(6), R247–R261.
Hertlein, B. H., and Walton, W. H. (2000). “Assessment and reuse of old foundations.” Transportation Research Record, 1736, 49–52.
Hossain, M., Khan, M., Hossain, J., Kibria, G., and Taufiq, T. (2013). “Evaluation of unknown foundation depth using different NDT methods.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 209–214.
Kallivokas, L. F., Fathi, A., Kucukcoban, S., Stokoe, K. H., Bielak, J., and Ghattas, O. (2013). “Site characterization using full waveform inversion.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 47, 62–82.
Kamatitsch, D., and Martin, R. (2007). “An unsplit convolutional perfectly matched layer improved at grazing incidence for the seismic wave equation.” Geophysics, 72(5), SM155–SM167.
Mercado, E. J., and O’Neil, M. W. (2003). “Methods to measure scour depth and the depth of unknown foundations.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Applied Geophysics, Geophysics, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Washington, DC, and Florida Dept. of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL.
Nasseri-Moghaddama, A., Cascante, G., Phillips, C., and Hutchinson, D. J. (2007). “Effects of underground cavities on Rayleigh waves—Field and numerical experiments.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 27(4), 300–313.
Olson, L. (2005). “Dynamic bridge substructure evaluation and monitoring.” Publication FHWA-DR-03-089, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Washington, DC.
Olson, L. D., Jalinoos, F., and Marwan, F. A. (1998). “Determination of unknown subsurface bridge foundations.” Geotechnical guideline No. 16, a summary of NCHRP 21-5 Interim Rep., Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Washington, DC.
Ravaut, C., Operto, S., Improta, L., Virieux, J., Herrero, A., and Dell’Aversana, P. (2004). “Multiscale imaging of complex structures from multifold wide-aperture seismic data by frequency-domain full-waveform tomography: Application to a thrust belt.” Geophys. J. Int., 159(3) 1032–1056.
Robinson, B., and Webster, S. (2008). “Successful testing methods for unknown bridge foundations.” Proc., 5th Highway Geophysics-NDE Conf., Charlotte, NC, 101–110.
Romdhane, A., Grandjean, G., Brossier, R., Rejiba, F., Operto, S., and Virieux, J. (2011). “Shallow-structure characterization by 2D elastic full-waveform inversion.” Geophysics, 76(3), R81–R93.
Sack, D. A., and Olson, L. D. (2009). “Combined parallel seismic and cone penetrometer testing of existing foundations for foundation length and evaluation.” Proc., Int. Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo, ASCE, Reston, VA, 544–551.
Sack, D. A., Slaughter, S. H., and Olson, L. D. (2004). “Combined measurement of unknown foundations depths and soil properties with nondestructive evaluation methods.” Transportation Research Record, 1868, 76–80.
Schäfer, M., Groos, L., Forbriger, T., and Bohlen T. (2012). “On the effects of geometrical spreading corrections for a 2D full waveform inversion of recorded shallow seismic surface waves.” Proc., 74th EAGE Conference and Exhibition Incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2012, Society of Petroleum Engineers International, Richardson, TX, 4–7.
Sheen, D. H., Tuncay, K., Baag C.-E., and Ortoleva, P. J. (2006). “Time domain Gauss–Newton seismic waveform inversion in elastic media.” Geophys. J. Int., 167(3), 1373–1384.
Shipp, R. M., and Singh, S. C. (2002). “Two-dimensional full wavefield inversion of wide-aperture marine seismic streamer data.” Geophys. J. Int., 151(2), 325–344.
Tikhonov, A. N., and Arsenin V. Y. (1977). Solutions of ill-posed problems, Halstead Press, New South Wales, Australia.
Tran, K. T., and Hiltunen, D. R. (2008). “A comparison of shear wave velocity profiles from SASW, MASW, and ReMi techniques.” Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics IV, Geotechnical special publication 181, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Tran, K. T., and Hiltunen, D. R. (2011). “Inversion of first-arrival time using simulated annealing.” J. Environ. Eng. Geophys., 16(1), 25–35.
Tran, K. T., and Hiltunen, D. R. (2012a). “One-dimensional inversion of full waveform using genetic algorithm.” J. Environ. Eng. Geophys., 17(4), 197–213.
Tran, K. T., and Hiltunen, D. R. (2012b). “Two-dimensional inversion of full waveform using simulated annealing.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1075–1090.
Tran, K. T., and McVay, M. (2012). “Site characterization using Gauss–Newton inversion of 2-D full seismic waveform in time domain.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 43, 16–24.
Tran, K. T., McVay, M., Faraone, M., and Horhota, D. (2013). “Sinkhole detection using 2-D full seismic waveform tomography.” Geophysics, 78(5), R175–R183.
Virieux, J. (1986). “P–SV wave propagation in heterogeneous media: Velocity–stress finite-difference method.” Geophysics, 51(4), 889–901.
Vireux, J., and Operto, S. (2009). “An overview of full-waveform inversion in exploration geophysics.” Geophysics, 74(6), WCC1–WCC26.
Wightman, W., Jalinoos, F., Sirles, P., and Hanna, K. (2003). “Applications of geophysical methods to related highway problems.” FHWA Technical Manual, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Washington, DC.
Yousefpour, N., Medina-Cetina, Z., and Briaud, J. L. (2014). “Evaluation of unknown foundations of bridges subjected to scour.” Transportation Research Record, 2433, 27–38.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 22, 2015
Accepted: Sep 24, 2015
Published online: Jan 22, 2016
Published in print: May 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Jun 22, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.