Abstract
A research program investigated the application of high-early-strength self-consolidating concrete (SCC) for precast, prestressed bridge girders. The SCC and conventional concrete (CC) in mixtures had a target 16-h release strength of 34 MPa (5,000 psi). Testing was performed to evaluate the flexural response and bond performance of the girders. This included assessing and comparing camber and deflection, moment-curvature, cracking moment, nominal moment, and crack development of prestressed bridge girders containing SCC and CC. In addition, river gravel and limestone aggregate were used to evaluate the impact of aggregate type on the mechanical properties and bond performance in the full-scale testing of both SCC and CC girders. Early-age characteristics, material properties, and field observations are also documented. Test results indicate that the flexural capacity and bond performance of the SCC girders are similar to those of the companion CC girders. Also, AASHTO equations for the nominal moment were found to be appropriate for SCC girder-deck systems similar to those tested in this study. The AASHTO expressions used were found to be appropriate for estimating the cracking moment for the river gravel SCC girder-deck system, but they slightly overestimated the cracking moment for the limestone SCC girder-deck system.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the TXDOT and FHWA in conjunction with Drs. David Fowler and Eric Koehler at the University of Texas at Austin. Their collaboration is greatly appreciated. The valuable input of J. Tucker, R. Browne, J. Moore (TXDOT), and P. Forsling (FHWA) is appreciated. The authors also thank the Civil Engineering High Bay Structural and Materials Laboratory (HBSML) at TAMU, Texas Concrete (B. Patton), and BASF Construction Chemicals LLC (A. Pinnelli, V. Bui, E. Attiogbe, and B. Rogers).
References
AASHTO. (2006). Bridge design specifications and commentary, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2007). Bridge design specifications and commentary, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2012). Bridge design specifications and commentary, Washington, DC.
Aitcin, P. C., and Mehta, P. K. (1990). “Effect of coarse aggregate characteristics on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete.” ACI Mater. J., 87(2), 103–107.
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (2007). “Self-consolidating concrete.” ACI 237R-07, Farmington Hills, MI.
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (2011). “Building code requirements for reinforced structural concrete and commentary.” ACI 318-11, Farmington Hills, MI.
ASTM. (2005). “Test method for slump flow of self-consolidating concrete.” ASTM C1611, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2006a). “Standard specification for steel strand, uncoated seven-wire for prestressed concrete.” ASTM A416, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2006b). “Standard test method for resistance to degradation of small-size coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles machine” ASTM C131, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2007). “Standard specification for concrete aggregates.” ASTM C33, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2008). “Standard specification for deformed and plain carbon-steel bars for concrete reinforcement.” ASTM A615, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bentz, E. C. (2000). Sectional analysis of reinforced concrete members, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto.
Domone, P. L. (2006). “Self-compacting concrete: An analysis of 11 years of case studies.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 28, 197–208.
European Federation of National Associations Representing Producers and Applicators of Specialist Building Products for Concrete (EFNARC). (2005). “The European guidelines for self-compacting concrete.” 〈http://www.efnarc.org/pdf/SCCGuidelinesMay2005.pdf〉 (Jul. 12, 2009).
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and National Concrete Bridge Council (NCBC). (2005). “Q&A: What is the status on the use of self-consolidating concrete in bridges?” HPC Bridge Views, Skokie, IL, 1–4.
Floyd, R. W., Howland, M. B., and Hale, W. M. (2011). “Evaluation of strand bond equations for prestressed members cast with self-consolidating concrete.” Eng. Struct., 33(10), 2879–2887.
Ghezal, A., and Khayat, K. H. (2002). “Optimizing self-consolidating concrete with limestone filler by using statistical factorial design methods.” ACI Mater. J., 99(3), 264–272.
Gross, S. P., Yost, J. R., and Gaynor, E. (2007). “Experimental study of prestress land and camber in high-strength SCC beams.” Proc., ACI Fall 2007 Convention: Self-Consolidating Concrete for Precast Prestressed Applications (CD-ROM), A. K. Schindler, D. Trejo, and R. W. Barnes, eds., ACI SP-247, American Concrete Institute (ACI), Farmington Hills, MI, 77–92.
Hamilton, H. R., III, Labonte, T., and Ansley, M. H. (2005). “Behavior of pretensioned Type II AASHTO girders constructed with self-consolidating concrete.” Proc., Ned H. Burns Symp. on Historic Innovations in Prestressed Concrete, B. W. Russell and S. P. Gross, eds., ACI SP-231, American Concrete Institute (ACI), Farmington Hills, MI, 253–271.
Kehl, R. J., and Carrasquillo, R. L. (1998). “Investigation of the use of match cure technology in the precast concrete industry.” FHWA/TX-01/1714-2 Research Rep. 1714-2, Center for Transportation Research, Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX.
Khayat, K. H., and Mitchell, D. (2009). “Self-consolidating concrete for precast, prestressed concrete bridge elements.” NCHRP Rep. 628, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Kim, Y. H., Hueste, M. B. D., Trejo, D., and Cline, D. B. H. (2010a). “Shear characteristics and design for high-strength self-consolidating concrete.” J. Struct. Eng., 989–1000.
Kim, Y. H., Trejo, D., Atahan, H. N., and Hueste, M. B. D. (2012a). “Mechanical property prediction for high early strength self-consolidating concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 1501–1512.
Kim, Y. H., Trejo, D., and Hueste, M. B. D. (2007). “Shear characteristics of self-consolidating concrete for precast prestressed concrete members.” Proc., ACI Fall 2007 Convention: Self-Consolidating Concrete for Precast Prestressed Applications (CD-ROM), A. K. Schindler, D. Trejo, and R. W. Barnes, eds., ACI SP-247, American Concrete Institute (ACI), Farmington Hills, MI, 52–66.
Kim, Y. H., Trejo, D., and Hueste, M. B. D. (2010b). “Characterization of high early-strength, self-consolidating concrete for design of pretensioned bridge elements.” Transportation Research Record 2200, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 135–142.
Kim, Y. H., Trejo, D., and Hueste, M. B. D. (2012b). “Bond performance of high-early strength self-consolidating concrete pretensioned bridge elements.” ACI Struct. J., 109(6), 755–766.
Kim, Y. H., Trejo, D., Hueste, M. B. D., and Kim, J. J. (2011). “Experimental study on creep and durability of high early strength self-consolidating concrete for precast elements.” ACI Mater. J., 108(2), 128–138.
Koehler, E. P., and Fowler, D. W. (2007). “Development of self-consolidating concrete for prestressed bridge beams.” Proc., ACI Fall 2007 Convention: Self-Consolidating Concrete for Precast Prestressed Applications (CD-ROM), A. K. Schindler, D. Trejo, and R. W. Barnes, eds., ACI SP-247, American Concrete Institute (ACI), Farmington Hills, MI, 1–15.
Mehta, P. K., and Monterio, P. J. M. (1993). Concrete: Structure, properties, and materials, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Myers, J. J., and Brewe, J. E. (2008). “High-strength self-consolidating concrete girders subjected to elevated compressive fiber stresses.” NUTC R209, Center for Transportation Infrastructure and Safety/NUTC Program, Missouri Univ. of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO.
Naaman, A. (1992). “Unified design recommendations for reinforced, prestressed, and partially prestressed concrete bending and compression members.” ACI Struct. J., 89(2), 200–210.
Naito, C. J., Parent, G., and Brunn, G. (2006). “Performance of bulb-tee girders made with self-consolidating concrete.” PCI J., 51(6), 72–85.
Newman, J., and Cho, B. S. (2003). Advanced concrete technology, Elsevier, Burlington, MA.
Nilson, A. H. (1985). “Design implications of current research on high-strength concrete.” High-Strength Concrete, ACI SP-87, H. G. Russell, ed., American Concrete Institute (ACI), Farmington Hills, MI, 85–118.
Ozyildirim, C., and Davis, R. T. (2007). “Bulb T-beams with self-consolidating concrete on Route 33 in Virginia.” Transportation Research Record 2020, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 76–82.
Peterman, R. (2007). “The effects of as-cast depth and concrete fluidity on strand bond.” PCI J., 52(3), 72–101.
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI). (2003). “Interim guidelines for the use of self-consolidating concrete in precast/prestressed concrete institute member plants.” TR-6-03, Chicago.
Response 2000 [Computer software]. Toronto, Univ. of Toronto.
Texas DOT (TXDOT). (2001). Bridge design manual, Austin, TX.
Texas DOT (TXDOT). (2004). Standard specifications for construction and maintenance of highways, streets, and bridges, Austin, TX.
Texas DOT (TXDOT). (2006). “Precast concrete fabrication plants.” DMS-7300, Austin, TX.
Trejo, D., Hueste, M. D., Kim, Y. H., and Atahan, H. N. (2008). “Characterization of self-consolidating concrete for design of precast, prestressed bridge girders.” Rep. FHWA/TX-09/0-5134-2, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, TX.
Wehbe, N., Sigl, A., Gutzmer, Z., and Stripling, C. (2009). Structural performance of prestressed self-consolidating concrete bridge girders made with limestone aggregates, South Dakota State Univ., Brookings, SD.
Zia, P., Nunez, R. A., Mata, L. A., and Dwairi, H. M. (2005). “Implementation of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) for prestressed concrete girder.” Proc., 7th Int. Symp. on Utilization of High-Strength/High Performance Concrete, Vol. I, American Concrete Institute (ACI), Farmington Hills, MI, 297–315.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 20 • Issue 2 • February 2015
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 15, 2013
Accepted: Apr 22, 2014
Published online: May 28, 2014
Published in print: Feb 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.