Low-Speed Oblique Impact Response of Adhesively Bonded Dissimilar Single-Lap Joints
Publication: Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 5
Abstract
Adhesively bonded joints are widely preferred for joining similar and dissimilar materials due to the mechanical advantages they provide. As the demand for the adhesively bonded method increases, it is necessary to determine the behavior of joints under impact loads for joint design. The aim of this study was to investigate the low-speed oblique impact behavior of dissimilar single-lap joints and the effect of plastic deformation ability and strength of the adherends [(Top) Al 2024-T3–(Bottom) Al 5754-0, (Top) Al 5754-0–(Bottom) Al 2024-T3], overlap lengths (25, 40 mm), and impact energy (3, 11 J) on adhesive damage. The behavior of the joints determined by the numerical model under low-speed oblique impact was compared with experimental results. Considering the contact force-time, contact force-displacement, and adhesive damage, the numerical model was reasonably compatible with the experimental results. The damage initiation and propagation in the adhesive layer were determined by three-dimensional explicit finite-element analysis. In order to obtain suitability for the damage mechanism by observing the experimental bonding damage surfaces, the adhesive region was divided into three zones, the upper and lower adhesive interfaces and a middle adhesive layer between them. The different strength and plastic deformation ability of the adherends had a significant effect on the adhesive damage initiation and propagation. In the case of high strength and low deformation ability of the adherend material (Al 2024-T3) contacting with the impactor, a reduction of the adhesive damage occurred due to the deformation of the adherend material (bottom adherend) with low strength and high deformation capability. The oblique impact load and the different mechanical properties of the adherends greatly affected the adhesive damage initiation and propagation of single-lap joints.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author with a reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors thankfully acknowledge the financial support of the Scientific Research Project Division of Erciyes University (BAP) under Contract: FYL-2014-5262.
References
ABAQUS. 2018. “Analysis user’s manual, Volume IV: Elements Dassault Systemes (2002–2018).” Accessed June 24, 2022. https://www.3ds.com/.
Abrate, S. 1998. Impact on composite structures. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Adams, R. D. 2021. Adhesive bonding: Science, technology and applications. Sawston, UK: Woodhead Publishing.
Adams, R. D., J. Comyn, and W. C. Wake. 1997. Structural adhesive joints in engineering. New York: Springer.
Alkhatib, S. E., F. Tarlochan, A. Hashem, and S. Sassi. 2018. “Collapse behavior of thin-walled corrugated tapered tubes under oblique impact.” Thin-Walled Struct. 122 (Nov): 510–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2017.10.044.
Araldite. 2015. “Huntsman advanced materials.” Accessed June 24, 2022. https://www.huntsman.com/products/araldite2000/araldite-2015-1.
Araújo, H., J. Machado, E. Marques, and L. Da Silva. 2017. “Dynamic behaviour of composite adhesive joints for the automotive industry.” Compos. Struct. 171 (Jul): 549–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.03.071.
Atahan, G. M., and M. K. Apalak. 2017. “Low-speed bending impact behavior of adhesively bonded single-lap joints.” J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 31 (14): 1545–1575. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2016.1264105.
Avendaño, R., R. J. C. Carbas, F. J. P. Chaves, M. Costa, L. F. M. Da Silva, and A. A. Fernandes. 2016. “Impact loading of single lap joints of dissimilar lightweight adherends bonded with a crash-resistant epoxy adhesive.” J. Eng. Mater. Technol. 138 (4): 041019. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4034204.
Bayramoglu, S., S. Akpinar, and A. Çalık. 2021. “Numerical analysis of elasto-plastic adhesively single step lap joints with cohesive zone models and its experimental verification.” J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 35 (2): 641–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-021-0124-0.
Boling, H., and G. Dongyun. 2018. “Dynamic analysis of single-lap, adhesively bonded composite-titanium joints subjected to solid projectile impact.” J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 32 (11): 1176–1199. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2017.1404667.
Camanho, P. P., and C. G. Dávila. 2002. Mixed-mode decohesion finite elements for the simulation of delamination in composite materials. Hampton, VA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Campilho, R., M. Banea, J. Neto, and L. da Silva. 2013. “Modelling adhesive joints with cohesive zone models: Effect of the cohesive law shape of the adhesive layer.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 44 (Jul): 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2013.02.006.
Campilho, R., M. De Moura, D. A. Ramantani, J. Morais, and J. Domingues. 2010. “Buckling strength of adhesively-bonded single and double-strap repairs on carbon-epoxy structures.” Compos. Sci. Technol. 70 (2): 371–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.11.010.
Campilho, R. D., M. De Moura, and J. Domingues. 2008. “Using a cohesive damage model to predict the tensile behaviour of CFRP single-strap repairs.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 45 (5): 1497–1512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2007.10.003.
Chen, Y., M. Li, X. Yang, and W. Luo. 2020. “Damage and failure characteristics of CFRP/aluminum single lap joints designed for lightweight applications.” Thin-Walled Struct. 153 (Aug): 106802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.106802.
Dhaliwal, G., and G. Newaz. 2021. “Low-velocity impact characteristics of hybrid aluminum/CFRP single hat sectioned beam adhesively bonded using adhesive tape.” J. Dyn. Behav. Mater. 7 (3): 383–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40870-020-00277-1.
Goldoni, G., and S. Mantovani. 2021. “Damage modelling strategies for unidirectional laminates subjected to impact using CZM and orthotropic plasticity law.” Compos. Struct. 275 (Nov): 114493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114493.
Hazimeh, R., G. Challita, K. Khalil, and R. Othman. 2015. “Influence of dissimilar adherends on the stress distribution in adhesively bonded composite joints subjected to impact loadings.” Mech. Compos. Mater. 50 (6): 717–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11029-015-9460-4.
Ivanez, I., M. M. Moure, S. K. Garcia-Castillo, and S. Sanchez-Saez. 2015. “The oblique impact response of composite sandwich plates.” Compos. Struct. 133 (Dec): 1127–1136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.08.035.
Jairaja, R., and G. N. Naik. 2019. “Single and dual adhesive bond strength analysis of single lap joint between dissimilar adherends.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 92 (Jul): 142–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2019.04.016.
Kadioglu, F., and R. D. Adams. 2015. “Flexible adhesives for automotive application under impact loading.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 56 (Jan): 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2014.08.001.
Kanani, A. Y., X. Hou, R. Laidlaw, and J. Ye. 2021. “The effect of joint configuration on the strength and stress distributions of dissimilar adhesively bonded joints.” Eng. Struct. 226 (Jan): 111322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111322.
Kinloch, A. J. 2012. Adhesion and adhesives: Science and technology. New York: Springer.
Li, Y., Y. Yang, J. Li, B. Wang, and Y. Liao. 2020. “Experimental-numerical analysis of failure of adhesively bonded lap joints under transverse impact and different temperatures.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 140 (Jun): 103541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2020.103541.
Liao, L., T. Sawa, and C. Huang. 2013. “Experimental and FEM studies on mechanical properties of single-lap adhesive joint with dissimilar adherends subjected to impact tensile loadings.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 44 (Jul): 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2013.02.007.
Lißner, M., B. Erice, E. Alabort, D. Thomson, H. Cui, C. Kaboglu, B. R. K. Blackman, M. Gude, and N. Petrinic. 2020. “Multi-material adhesively bonded structures: Characterisation and modelling of their rate-dependent performance.” Composites, Part B 195 (Aug): 108077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108077.
Machado, J., E. Marques, M. Silva, and L. F. da Silva. 2018a. “Numerical study of impact behaviour of mixed adhesive single lap joints for the automotive industry.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 84 (Aug): 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2018.02.036.
Machado, J., P. Nunes, E. Marques, and L. F. da Silva. 2019. “Adhesive joints using aluminium and CFRP substrates tested at low and high temperatures under quasi-static and impact conditions for the automotive industry.” Composites, Part B 158 (Feb): 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.09.067.
Machado, J., P. Nunes, E. Marques, and L. F. da Silva. 2020. “Numerical study of similar and dissimilar single lap joints under quasi-static and impact conditions.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 96 (Jan): 102501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2019.102501.
Machado, J. J. M., E. A. S. Marques, and L. F. M. da Silva. 2018b. “Adhesives and adhesive joints under impact loadings: An overview.” J. Adhes. 94 (6): 421–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2017.1282349.
Mittal, K. L. 2012. Adhesive joints: Formation, characteristics, and testing. New York: Springer.
Nejad, R. M., D. G. Moghadam, M. Hadi, P. Zamani, and F. Berto. 2022. “An investigation on static and fatigue life evaluation of grooved adhesively bonded t-joints.” In Vol. 35 of Structures, 340–349. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Ozdemir, O., and N. Oztoprak. 2017. “An investigation into the effects of fabric reinforcements in the bonding surface on failure response and transverse impact behavior of adhesively bonded dissimilar joints.” Composites, Part B 126 (Oct): 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.06.005.
Pascal, F., A. Rogani, B. Mahmoud, P. Navarro, S. Marguet, and J.-F. Ferrero. 2018. “Impact damage prediction in thin woven composite laminates—Part II: Application to normal and oblique impacts on sandwich structure.” Compos. Struct. 190 (Apr): 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.02.013.
Ri, J.-H., M.-H. Kim, and H.-S. Hong. 2022. “A mixed mode elasto-plastic damage model for prediction of failure in single lap joint.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 116 (Jul): 103134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2022.103134.
Song, J. 2013. “Numerical simulation on windowed tubes subjected to oblique impact loading and a new method for the design of obliquely loaded tubes.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 54 (Apr): 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2012.11.005.
Sun, G., X. Liu, G. Zheng, Z. Gong, and Q. Li. 2018. “On fracture characteristics of adhesive joints with dissimilar materials—An experimental study using digital image correlation (DIC) technique.” Compos. Struct. 201 (Oct): 1056–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.06.018.
Valente, J., R. Campilho, E. Marques, J. Machado, and L. da Silva. 2019. “Adhesive joint analysis under tensile impact loads by cohesive zone modeling.” Compos. Struct. 222 (Aug): 110894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.110894.
Wong, K. J. 2013. “Moisture absorption characteristics and effects on mechanical behaviour of carbon/epoxy composite: Application to bonded patch repairs of composite structures.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Mechanics, Université de Bourgogne.
Yildirim, M., and M. K. Apalak. 2011. “Transverse low-speed impact behavior of adhesively bonded similar and dissimilar clamped plates.” J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 25 (1–3): 69–91. https://doi.org/10.1163/016942410X501106.
You, M., M.-B. Li, Y.-L. Yuan, G. Lin, F.-W. Ma, L.-F. Du, and S.-J. Tang. 2020. “Review of experimental techniques for impact property of adhesive bonds.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 100 (Jul): 102620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2020.102620.
Zhao, L., Y. Gong, J. Zhang, Y. Chen, and B. Fei. 2014. “Simulation of delamination growth in multidirectional laminates under mode I and mixed mode I/II loadings using cohesive elements.” Compos. Struct. 116 (Sep): 509–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.05.042.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 35 • Issue 5 • September 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 27, 2022
Accepted: May 11, 2022
Published online: Jul 7, 2022
Published in print: Sep 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Dec 7, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Chao Zhang, Guoxing Lu, Tao Suo, Impact Dynamics for Advanced Aerospace Materials and Structures, Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 10.1061/JAEEEZ.ASENG-5047, 36, 4, (2023).