MDAO Method and Optimum Designs of Hybrid-Electric Civil Airliners
Publication: Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 4
Abstract
Hybrid-electric civil airliners (HECAs) are considered the forerunner of the solution of relieving aviation emissions. This paper presents a multidisciplinary design analysis and optimization (MDAO) framework named GENUS, which has been extended to design HECAs. GENUS is a modular, expandable, and flexible design environment with 10 integrated modules for HECA design. Key extensions included hybrid-electric propulsion architectures (HEPAs), the corresponding powertrains, and power management strategies (PMS). In addition, a cost module and an aviation emission tracking function were developed and integrated into GENUS. GENUS was validated for investigating the design of HECAs by evaluating existing HECA concepts. Furthermore, three conventional turbofans were hybridized within GENUS to analyze the sensitivity of the performance of engines to the degree of hybridization (DoH) of power. The effects of hybridized engines on aircraft design were evaluated based on Boeing 737, demonstrating that at least 27.18% fuel saving, 9.97% energy saving, 12.40% cost saving, and 43.56% aviation emissions migration can be achieved. Finally, the potential directions of applying GENUS to explore the design space of HECA was discussed, which is useful to maximize the benefits of HECA.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data supporting this study is openly available from the Cranfield University CORD at https://doi.org/10.17862/cranfield.rd.16902814.v1.
References
Abbe, G. 2015. Conceptual design methodologies for small solar powered unmanned aerial vehicle. Bedford, UK: Cranfield Univ.
Ashcraft, S. W., A. S. Padron, K. A. Pascioni, G. W. Stout Jr., and D. L. Huff. 2011. Review of propulsion technologies for N+3 subsonic vehicle concepts. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Boeing. 2013. 737 Airplane characteristics for airport planning, 1–554. Seattle: Boeing.
Boeing. 2019. Boeing commercial market outlook 2019–2038. Seattle: Boeing.
Bradley, M. K., T. J. Allen, and C. K. Droney. 2015. Subsonic ultra green aircraft research phase II—Volume II—Hybrid electric design exploration. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Bradley, M. K., and C. K. Droney. 2011. Subsonic ultra green aircraft research: Phase I final report. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Carmichael, R. 2021 “Public domain aeronautical software (PDAS).” Accessed January 14, 2021. http://www.pdas.com/index.html.
Chan, C. C., and K. T. Chau. 2001. Modern electric vehicle technology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Delhaye, J. 2015. Electrical technologies for the aviation of the future. Tokyo: Chubu Univ.
de Vries, R., M. Brown, and R. Vos. 2019a. “Preliminary sizing method for hybrid-electric distributed-propulsion aircraft.” J. Aircr. 56 (6): 2172–2188. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C035388.
de Vries, R., M. F. M. Hoogreef, and R. Vos. 2019b. “Preliminary sizing of a hybrid-electric passenger aircraft featuring over-the-wing distributed-propulsion.” In Proc., AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum, 1–24. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Douglas Aircraft Company McDonnell Douglas Corporation. 1975. DC-9 flight demonstration program with refanned JT8d engine. Long Beach, CA: Douglas Aircraft Company McDonnell Douglas Corporation.
Drela, M., and H. Youngren. 2006. AVL-aerodynamic analysis, trim calculation, dynamic stability analysis, aircraft configuration development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Athena.
European Commission. 2008. “Regulation (EC) No. 859/2008.” Off. J. Eur. Union 2005 (L 254): 1–238.
European Commission. 2014. EU transport in figures: Statistical pocketbook. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). 2019. FAA aerospace forecast fiscal years 2020-2040, 1–7. Washington, DC: USDOT.
Finger, D. F., C. Bil, and C. Braun. 2020. “Initial sizing methodology for hybrid-electric general aviation aircraft.” J. Aircr. 57 (2): 245–255. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C035428.
Friedrich, C., and P. A. Robertson. 2015a. “Hybrid-electric propulsion for aircraft.” J. Aircr. 52 (1): 176–189. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C032660.
Friedrich, C., and P. A. Robertson. 2015b. “Hybrid-electric propulsion for automotive and aviation applications.” CEAS Aeronaut. J. 6 (2): 279–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-014-0144-x.
Gentry, A. E. 1973. The Mark IV supersonic-hypersonic arbitrary-body program. Volume II. Program formulation. Dublin, OH: Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory.
Gerssen-Gondelach, S. J., and A. P. C. Faaij. 2012. “Performance of batteries for electric vehicles on short and longer term.” J. Power Sources 212 (Aug): 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.03.085.
Gogolák, L., S. Csikós, T. Molnár, P. Szuchy, I. Bíró, and J. Sárosi. 2019. “Possibilities of optimizing fuel consumption in hybrid and electronic airplanes.” Rev. Fac. Eng. Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 13 (2): 65–76. https://doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2019.2.65-76.
Howe, D. 2014. Aircraft conceptual design synthesis. New Delhi, India: Wiley.
IATA (International Air Transport Association). 2019. Annual review 2019. Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing.
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization). 2010. ICAO annex 6—Operation of aircraft. Montreal: ICAO.
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization). 2013. Global air transport outlook to 2030 and trends to 2040, 152. Montreal: ICAO.
Isikveren, A. T. 2018. “The method of quadrant based algorithmic nomographs for hybrid/electric aircraft pre-design.” J. Aircr. 55 (1): 396–405. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C034355.
Isikveren, A. T., S. Kaiser, C. Pornet, and P. C. Vratny. 2014. “Pre-design strategies and sizing techniques for dual-energy aircraft.” Aircr. Eng. Aerosp. Technol. 86 (6): 525–542. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-08-2014-0122.
Jenkinson, L., P. Simpkin, and D. Rhodes. 1999. Civil jet aircraft design. Norwich, NY: Knovel.
Kuhn, H., and A. Sizmann. 2012. Fundamental prerequisites for electric flying, 1–8. Bonn, Germany: Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress.
Kurzke, J. 2010. “GasTurb11, compiled with Delphi 2007 on 27 January.” Accessed January 4, 2021. https://www.gasturb.de/.
Lytle, J. K. 1999. “The numerical propulsion system simulation: A multidisciplinary design system for aerospace vehicles.” In Proc., 14th Int. Symp. on Air Breathing Engines. Indianapolis: International Society for Air Breathing Engines Florence.
Miyairi, Y., C. A. Perullo, and D. N. Mavris. 2015. “A parametric environment for weight and sizing prediction of motor/generator for hybrid electric propulsion.” In Proc., 51st AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conf., 1–19. Orlando, FL: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Morris, S. J. 1978. Computer program for the design and off-design performance of turbojet and turbofan engine cycles. Hampton, VA: NASA Technical Memorandum.
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). 2013. “EngineSim 1.8a beta.” Accessed August 24, 2020. https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/ngnsim.html.
Okonkwo, P. P. C. 2016. “Conceptual design methodology for blended wing body aircraft.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield Univ.
Pornet, C., S. Kaiser, and C. Gologan. 2014a. “Cost-based flight technique optimization for hybrid energy aircraft.” Aircr. Eng. Aerosp. Technol. 86 (6): 591–598. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-05-2014-0075.
Pornet, C., S. Kaiser, A. T. Isikveren, and M. Hornung. 2014b. “Integrated fuel-battery hybrid for a narrow-body sized transport aircraft.” Aircr. Eng. Aerosp. Technol. 86 (6): 568–574. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-05-2014-0062.
Raymer, D. 2018. Aircraft design: A conceptual approach. 6th ed. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Saarlas, M. 2007. Aircraft performance. New York: Wiley.
Seitz, A., O. Schmitz, A. T. Isikveren, M. Hornung, and B. Luftfahrt. 2012. Electrically powered propulsion: Comparison and contrast to gas turbines. Bonn, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft-und Raumfahrt-Lilienthal-Oberth eV.
Sepulveda, E., H. Smith, and D. Sziroczak. 2019. “Multidisciplinary analysis of subsonic stealth unmanned combat aerial vehicles.” CEAS Aeronaut. J. 10 (2): 431–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-018-0325-0.
Sepulveda Palacios, E., and H. Smith. 2019. “Impact of mission requirements on the design of low observable UCAV configurations.” Aircr. Eng. Aerosp. Technol. 91 (10): 1295–1307. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-09-2018-0249.
Sidwell, K. W., M. A. Epton, and A. E. Magnus. 1990. PAN AIR: A computer program for predicting subsonic or supersonic linear potential flows about arbitrary configurations using a higher order panel method. Seattle: NASA Contractor.
Smith, H., D. Sziroczák, G. E. Abbe, and P. Okonkwo. 2019. “The GENUS aircraft conceptual design environment.” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part G: J. Aerosp. Eng. 233 (8): 2932–2947. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954410018788922.
Sun, Y. 2018. “Conceptual design methodologies appropriate to supersonic business jets.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield Univ.
Sun, Y., and H. Smith. 2018. “Supersonic business jet conceptual design in a multidisciplinary design analysis optimization environment.” In Proc., AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conf., 210049. Beijing: China Scholarship Council.
Sun, Y., and H. Smith. 2019. “Low-boom low-drag optimization in a multidisciplinary design analysis optimization environment.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 94 (Nov): 105387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.105387.
Sun, Y., and H. Smith. 2020. “Low-boom low-drag solutions through the evaluation of different supersonic business jet concepts.” Aeronaut. J. 124 (1271): 76–95. https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2019.131.
Sziroczák, D. 2015. Conceptual design methodologies appropriate to hypersonic space and global transportation systems. Bedford, UK: Cranfield Univ.
Thomas, G. L., D. E. Culley, J. L. Kratz, and K. L. Fisher. 2018. “Dynamic analysis of the hFan, a parallel hybrid electric turbofan engine.” In Proc., Joint Propulsion Conf., 1–15. Cleveland: NASA Advanced Air Transport Technologies Project.
Williams, J. E., and S. R. Vukelich. 1979. The USAF stability and control digital DATCOM. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center.
Winchester, N., D. McConnachie, C. Wollersheim, and I. A. Waitz. 2013. “Economic and emissions impacts of renewable fuel goals for aviation in the US.” Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 58 (2013): 116–128.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 35 • Issue 4 • July 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 16, 2021
Accepted: Dec 22, 2021
Published online: Mar 17, 2022
Published in print: Jul 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Aug 17, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Le Kang, Yicheng Sun, Howard Smith, Junkui Mao, The Effects of the Degree of Hybridisation on the Design of Hybrid-Electric Aircraft Considering the Balance between Energy Efficiency and Mass Penalty, Aerospace, 10.3390/aerospace10020111, 10, 2, (111), (2023).
- Manikandan Murugaiah, Darpan F. Theng, Tabrej Khan, Tamer A. Sebaey, Balbir Singh, Hybrid Electric Powered Multi-Lobed Airship for Sustainable Aviation, Aerospace, 10.3390/aerospace9120769, 9, 12, (769), (2022).