Performance Study of FBG Hoop Strain Sensor for Pipeline Leak Detection and Localization
Publication: Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 31, Issue 5
Abstract
Pipelines provide a convenient mode of transportation of fluids, and their safe usage is one of the foremost concerns. In our previous work, a hoop strain–based negative pressure wave (NPW) approach was proposed to detect and localize pipeline leakages by employing a series of bare fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. To enhance the leakage detection capability especially for small leakage rate cases, a FBG hoop strain sensor with adjustable sensitivity has been developed to measure the pressure drop induced by pipeline leakage. This paper analyzes the performance of the developed FBG hoop strain sensors with consideration of NPW energy attenuation. The detectable range of each hoop strain sensor is investigated, and thus the sensor quantity can be determined. A case study is conducted on a 32-km pressurized pipeline to demonstrate the analysis procedure, with further discussion of different pipeline parameters’ influences on . The results show that the smallest detectable leakage rate can be enhanced at least 30% by setting mounts of sensors. The most effective way to enhance the overall performance of the leakage detection system is to develop higher-sensitivity FBG hoop strain sensors.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work has been supported by the Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51608094, 51421064, 51327003, and 51678109), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFC0701107). These grants are greatly appreciated.
References
Aamo, O. M. 2016. “Leak detection, size estimation and localization in pipe flows.” IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 61 (1): 246–251. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.2015.2434031.
Baaklini, G. Y. 2013. “Optical instrumentation and nondestructive evaluation branch research and technology advances at NASA Glenn Research Center since 1941.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 26 (2): 395–408. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000305.
Beck, S. B., M. D. Curren, N. D. Sims, and R. Stanway. 2005. “Pipeline network features and leak detection by cross-correlation analysis of reflected waves.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 26 (2): 715–723. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:8(715).
Covas, D., H. Ramos, and A. B. De Almeida. 2005. “Standing wave difference method for leak detection in pipeline systems.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 131 (12): 1106–1116. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:12(1106).
Du, G., L. Huo, Q. Kong, and G. Song. 2016a. “Damage detection of pipeline multiple cracks using piezoceramic transducers.” J. Vibroeng. 18 (5): 2828–2838. https://doi.org/10.21595/jve.2016.17040.
Du, G., Q. Kong, T. Lai, and G. Song. 2013. “Feasibility study on crack detection of pipelines using piezoceramic transducers.” Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw. 9 (10): 631715. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/631715.
Du, G., Q. Kong, F. Wu, J. Ruan, and G. Song. 2016b. “An experimental feasibility study of pipeline corrosion pit detection using a piezoceramic time reversal mirror.” Smart Mater. Struct. 25 (3): 037002. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/3/037002.
Du, G., Q. Kong, H. Zhou, and H. Gu. 2017. “Multiple cracks detection in pipeline using damage index matrix based on piezoceramic transducer-enabled stress wave propagation.” Sensors 17 (8): 1812. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081812.
Feng, Q., Q. Kong, L. Huo, and G. Song. 2015. “Crack detection and leakage monitoring on reinforced concrete pipe.” Smart Mater. Struct. 24 (11): 115020. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/24/11/115020.
Fuhr, P. L., D. R. Huston, T. P. Ambrose, and D. M. Snyder. 1993. “Stress monitoring of concrete using embedded optical fiber sensors.” J. Struct. Eng. 119 (7): 2263–2269. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1993)119:7(2263).
Ge, C., G. Wang, and H. Ye. 2008. “Analysis of the smallest detectable leakage flow rate of negative pressure wave-based leak detection systems for liquid pipelines.” Comput. Chem. Eng. 32 (8): 1669–1680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2007.08.011.
Hamill, M., F. Chakkalakal, and J. Beres. 2017. “Building the world’s longest heated pipeline—A technology application review.” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 53 (1): 709–717. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2016.2604778.
Hong, X., G. Song, J. Ruan, Z. Zhang, S. Wu, and G. Liu. 2016. “Active monitoring of pipeline tapered thread connection based on time reversal using piezoceramic transducers.” Smart Mater. Struct. 18 (4): 643–662. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2016.18.4.643.
Hu, J., L. Zhang, and W. Liang. 2011. “Detection of small leakage from long transportation pipeline with complex noise.” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 24 (4): 449–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2011.04.003.
Huthwaite, P., R. Ribichini, P. Cawley, and M. J. S. Lowe. 2013. “Mode selection for corrosion detection in pipes and vessels via guided wave tomography.” IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 60 (6): 1165–1177. https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2013.2679.
Huynh, T., and J. Kim. 2017. “FOS-based prestress force monitoring and temperature effect estimation in unbonded tendons of PSC girders.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 30 (2): B4016005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000608.
Inaudi, D., and B. Glisic. 2010. “Long-range pipeline monitoring by distributed fiber optic sensing.” J. Pressure Vessel Technol. 132 (1): 011701. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3062942.
Jia, Z., L. Ren, H. Li, S. Ho, and G. Song. 2015. “Experimental study of pipeline leak detection based on hoop strain measurement.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 22 (5): 799–812. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1718.
Jiang, J., P. Zhang, D. Patil, H. Li, and G. Song. 2017. “Experimental studies on the effectiveness and robustness of a pounding tuned mass damper for vibration suppression of a submerged cylindrical pipe.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 24 (12): e202712. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2027.
Kawsar, M. R. U., S. A. Youssef, M. Faisal, A. Kumar, J. K. Seo, and J. K. Paik. 2015. “Assessment of dropped object risk on corroded subsea pipeline.” Ocean Eng. 106: 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.06.056.
Khulief, Y. A., A. Khalifa, R. B. Mansour, and M. A. Habib. 2011. “Acoustic detection of leaks in water pipelines using measurements inside pipe.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 3 (2): 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000089.
Kishawy, H. A., and H. A. Gabbar. 2010. “Review of pipeline integrity management practices.” Int. J. Pres. Ves. Pip. 87 (7): 373–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2010.04.003.
Kong, X., C. S. Cai, J. X. Hu, W. Xiong, and H. Peng. 2017. “Field application of an innovative bridge scour monitoring system with fiber Bragg grating sensors.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 30 (2): B4016008. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000654.
Li, H., P. Zhang, G. Song, D. Patil, and Y. Mo. 2015a. “Robustness study of the pounding tuned mass damper for vibration control of subsea jumpers.” Smart Mater. Struct. 24 (9): 095001. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/24/9/095001.
Li, H. N., D. S. Li, and G. B. Song. 2004. “Recent applications of fiber optic sensors to health monitoring in civil engineering.” Eng. Struct. 26 (11): 1647–1657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.05.018.
Li, S., C. Chen, and Q. Q. Sun. 2015b. “Experimental and finite element analyses on the corrosion of underground pipelines.” Sci. China Technol. Sci. 58 (6): 1015–1020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-015-5832-1.
Lu, W., Y. Cui, J. Teng, and F. Lu. 2017. “Structural-performance tracking to multitype members of Shenzhen Vanke center in construction phase.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 30 (2): B4016013. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000702.
Lu, W., W. Liang, L. Zhang, and W. Liu. 2016. “A novel noise reduction method applied in negative pressure wave for pipeline leakage localization.” Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 104 (A): 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.08.014.
Meng, L., Y. Li, W. Wang, and J. Fu. 2012. “Experimental study on leak detection and location for gas pipeline based on acoustic method.” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 25 (1): 90–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2011.07.001.
Ni, L., J. Jiang, and Y. Pan. 2013. “Leak location of pipelines based on transient model and PSO-SVM.” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 26 (6): 1085–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2013.04.004.
Ozevin, D., and J. Harding. 2012. “Novel leak localization in pressurized pipeline networks using acoustic emission and geometric connectivity.” Int. J. Pres. Ves. Pip. 92: 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2012.01.001.
Papadakis, G. A. 2000. “Assessment of requirements on safety management systems in EU regulations for the control of major hazard pipelines.” J. Hazard. Mater. 78 (1–3): 63–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00217-X.
Qu, Z., H. Feng, Z. Zeng, J. Zhuge, and S. Jin. 2010. “A SVM-based pipeline leakage detection and pre-warning system.” Measurement 43 (4): 513–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2009.12.022.
Ren, L., Z. Jia, H. Li, and G. Song. 2014. “Design and experimental study on FBG hoop-strain sensor in pipeline monitoring.” Opt. Fiber Technol. 20 (1): 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2013.11.004.
Reynders, E., G. D. Roeck, P. Gundes Bakir, and C. Sauvage. 2007. “Damage identification on the Tilff Bridge by vibration monitoring using optical fiber strain sensors.” J. Eng. Mech. 133 (2): 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2007)133:2(185).
Sun, L., C. Li, J. Li, C. Zhang, and X. Ding. 2017. “Strain transfer analysis of a clamped fiber Bragg grating sensor.” Appl. Sci. 7 (2): 188. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7020188.
Sun, L., X. Zhang, Q. Sun, and B. Chen. 2011a. “Study on failure pressure of corroded submarine pipeline under earthquake.” Appl. Mech. Mater. 71–78: 1703–1706. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.71-78.1703.
Sun, Z., P. Wang, M. C. Vuran, M. A. Al-Rodhaan, A. M. Al-Dhelaan, and I. F. Akyildiz. 2011b. “MISE-PIPE: Magnetic induction-based wireless sensor networks for underground pipeline monitoring.” Ad Hoc Netw. 9 (3): 218–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2010.10.006.
Xu, C., P. Gong, J. Xie, H. Shi, G. Chen, and G. Song. 2016. “An acoustic emission based multi-level approach to buried gas pipeline leakage localization.” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 44: 397–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2016.10.014.
Yan, S. Z., and L. S. Chyan. 2010. “Performance enhancement of BOTDR fiber optic sensor for oil and gas pipeline monitoring.” Opt. Fiber Technol. 16 (2): 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2010.01.001.
Yang, Z., Z. Xiong, and M. Shao. 2010. “A new method of leak location for the natural gas pipeline based on wavelet analysis.” Energy 35 (9): 3814–3820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.05.034.
Ye, G., and R. A. Fenner. 2010. “Kalman filtering of hydraulic measurements for burst detection in water distribution systems.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. 2 (1): 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000070.
Yoon, S., W. Ye, J. Heidemann, B. Littlefield, and C. Shahabi. 2011. “SWATS: Wireless sensor networks for steamflood and waterflood pipeline monitoring.” IEEE Netw. 25 (1): 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.2011.5687953.
Yu, S., and J. Ou. 2017. “Structural health monitoring and model updating of Aizhai suspension bridge.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 30 (2): B4016009. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000653.
Zhao, X., W. Li, G. Song, Z. Zhu, and J. Du. 2013a. “Scour monitoring system for subsea pipeline based on active thermometry: Numerical and experimental studies.” Sensors 13 (2): 1490–1509. https://doi.org/10.3390/s130201490.
Zhao, X., W. Li, L. Zhou, G. Song, Q. Ba, S. C. M. Ho, and J. Ou. 2015. “Application of support vector machine for pattern classification of active thermometry-based pipeline scour monitoring.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 22 (6): 903–918. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1724.
Zhao, X., W. Li, L. Zhou, G. Song, Q. Ba, and J. Ou. 2013b. “Active thermometry based DS18B20 temperature sensor network for offshore pipeline scour monitoring using K-means clustering algorithm.” Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw. 9 (6): 852090. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/852090.
Zheng, Z., and Y. Lei. 2017. “Structural monitoring techniques for the largest excavation section subsea tunnel: Xiamen Xiang’an subsea tunnel.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 30 (2): B40160022. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000594.
Zhou, J., L. Sun, and H. Li. 2014. “Study on dynamic response measurement of the submarine pipeline by full-term FBG sensors.” Sci. World J. 2014: 808075. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/808075.
Zhu, J., S. C. M. Ho, D. Patil, N. Wang, R. Hirsch, and G. Song. 2017a. “Underwater pipeline impact localization using piezoceramic transducers.” Smart Mater. Struct. 26 (10): 107002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aa80c9.
Zhu, J., L. Ren, S. C. Ho, Z. Jia, and G. Song. 2017b. “Gas pipeline leakage detection based on PZT sensors.” Smart Mater. Struct. 26 (2): 025022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/26/2/025022.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 6, 2017
Accepted: Feb 26, 2018
Published online: May 26, 2018
Published in print: Sep 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Oct 26, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.