Computational Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Analysis to Estimate the Skin Temperature of Cockpit Surface in Various Flight Profiles
Publication: Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 28, Issue 1
Abstract
This paper discusses a simplified approach for estimation of skin temperature of aircraft at various flight conditions using computational fluid dynamics to aid precise estimation of cockpit heat load. Major heat load generated inside the cockpit is because of skin friction of air at high speeds. Hence, estimation of the stagnation temperature on aircraft skin is important. Accurate estimation of heat loads will enable the optimum design of air conditioning system with minimal weight and fuel penalty to improve endurance of aircraft. This paper gives a methodology for the calculation of skin temperature by carrying out three-dimensional (3D) modeling of the cockpit in computer aided design software, tetrahedral meshing and simulation in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) design software at various angles of attack (AoA), aircraft speed, and ambient temperatures using CFD software. The solver results are validated by comparing experimental results of Robinson and Hannemann’s standard force reference model HB-2. This research has successfully generated variation of skin temperature at , , and positions on external surface of cockpit at variable speed and angle of attack of aircraft along with governing equations of 2nd order polynomials. These governing equations will help the user to estimate skin temperature without rerunning simulation jobs in computational fluid dynamics design software. The results of a detailed analysis of the computational fluid dynamics design show that skin temperature under transient conditions at various angle of attack remains 0.9472 times the theoretical stagnation temperature with viscous heat dissipation.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Anderson, Jhon D., Jr. (1995). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the basics with applications, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
Ariff, M., Salim, S. M., Cheah, S. C. (2009a). “Wall approach for dealing with turbulent flow over a surface mounted cube: Part 1—Low Reynolds number.” Full documentation, 7th Int. Conf. on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia.
Ariff, M., Salim, S. M., Cheah, S. C. (2009b). “Wall approach for dealing with turbulent flow over a surface mounted cube: Part 2—High Reynolds number.” Full documentation, 7th Int. Conf. on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia.
Behera, P. (2009). “Analysis of transient heat conduction in different geometries.” M.Tech thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raurkela, India, 19–42.
Cropper, P. C., Yang, T., Cook, M. J., Fiala, D., and Yousaf, R. (2009). “Simulating the effect of complex indoor environment conditions on human thermal comfort.” 11th Int. IBPSA Conf., Glasgow, Scotland, 1367–1373.
Eckert, E. R. G. (1954). “Survey of heat transfer at high speeds.” Wright air development centre (WADC) Technical Rep., Carpenter Litho & Printing Company, Springfield, IL, 54–70.
Eckert, E. R. G. (1960). “Survey of boundary layer heat transfer at high velocities and high temperatures.” Wright air development centre (WADC) Technical Rep., Aeronautical Research Laboratory, 59–624.
Hendrick, T. J. (2001). “Vehicle transient air conditioning analysis: Model development and system optimisation investigations.”, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Coloardo, 7–34.
Holmann, J. P., and Bhattacharyya, S. (2008). Heat transfer, 9th Ed., Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 254–259.
Karabelas, S. J., and Markatos, N. C. (2007). “Mathematical modelling of subsonic two phase condensation flow around an aircraft under various flight conditions.” J. Comput. Appl. Mech., 8(1), 101–116.
Knigge, H., Worner, M., and Schmitz, G. (2006). “Simulation with modelica for a dynamic representation of an aircraft cabin climate for comfort improved climate control.” 25th Int. Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS), 1–7.
Muller, C., Scholz, D., and Giese, T. (2007). “Dynamic simulation of innovative aircraft air conditioning.” 1st CEAS European Air and Space Conf. CEAS-2007-466, Wirtschaftund, 869–878.
Pope, S. B. (2006). “Turbulent flows.” Full documentation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Rebbechi, B. (1981). “A review of aircraft cabin conditioning for operations in Australia.”, Dept. of Defence, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Aeronautical Research Laboratories, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 6–28.
Robinson, M., and Hannemann, K. (2006). “Short duration force measurements in impulse facilities.” AIAA paper, 1–15.
Shalon, D. B. (1989). “Altitude effects on heat transfer processes in aircraft electronic equipment cooling.” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
Spalart, P. R., and Allmaras, S. R. (1992). “A one-equation turbulence model for aerodynamic flows.”, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 5, American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronotics, Roston, VA, 37–93.
Valenti Clari, M. S. V., Ruigrok, R. C. J., Heesbeen, B. W. M., and Groenewe, J. (2002). “Research flight simulation of future autonomous aircraft operations.” Proc., 2002 Winter Simulation Conf., 1226–1234.
Wilcox, D. C. (2006). Turbulence modeling for CFD, DCW industries, Canada.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 28 • Issue 1 • January 2015
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 6, 2012
Accepted: Apr 2, 2013
Published online: Apr 5, 2013
Discussion open until: Nov 20, 2014
Published in print: Jan 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.