Technical Papers
Dec 15, 2012

Magnesium as an ISRU-Derived Resource for Lunar Structures

Publication: Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 26, Issue 1

Abstract

Magnesium is one of the most pervasive metals in lunar soil and has many characteristics that make it applicable to in situ refining and production. This somewhat overlooked alkaline earth metal is easily cast, used, and recycled, characteristics that are required in the Moon's harsh environment. Moreover, alloys of this element have several properties fine-tuned for building shelters in a lunar environment, including several advantages over aluminum alloys. Magnesium alloys may prove to be the optimal choices for reinforcing lunar structures or manufacturing components as needed on the Moon. As such, further research on the in situ resource utilization (ISRU) of magnesium is imperative for the development of a self-sufficient lunar base. This paper brings together key properties of magnesium within the context of it being used as an in situ resource once the Moon, again, becomes a goal for permanent habitation and we require the ability to live there in perpetuity.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Acknowledgments

The writers thank Prof. Haim Baruh and the New Jersey National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Space Grant Consortium for interest and for supporting this effort and the reviewers, in particular, one who provided extensive and very useful feedback that was integrated into the final version of this paper.

References

Alderliesten, R., Rans, C., and Benedictus, R. (2008). “The applicability of magnesium based fibre metal laminates in aerospace structures.” Compos. Sci. Technol., 68(14), 2983–2993.
Avedesian, M. M., and Baker, H. (1999). ASM specialty handbook: Magnesium and magnesium alloys, American Society of Materials, Materials Park, OH.
Binder, A. B. (1990). “LLOX-metal production via NaOH electrolysis.” Proc., Space 90: Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Space II, ASCE, New York, 339–346.
Boby, A., Pillai, U. T. S., and Pai, B. C. (2011). “Developments in magnesium alloys for transport applications—An overview.” Indian Foundry J., 57(1), 29–37.
Campbell, B. A., and Campbell, D. B. (2006). “Regolith properties in the south polar region of the Moon from 70-cm radar polarimetry.” Icarus, 180(1), 1–7.
Cole, G. S. (2003). “Issues that influence magnesium's use in the automotive industry.” Mater. Sci. Forum, 419–422, 43–50. www.scientific.net/MSF.419-422.43
Cortes, P., and Cantwell, W. J. (2004). “Fracture properties of fiber-metal laminates based on magnesium alloy.” J. Mater. Sci., 39(3), 1081–1083.
Curreri, P.A., et al. (2006). “Process demonstration for lunar in situ resource utilization—Molten oxide electrolysis.” Rep. No. NASA/TM-2006-214600, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC.
Duke, M. B., Gaddis, L. R., Taylor, G. J., and Schmitt, H. H. (2006). “Development of the Moon.” Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 60(1), 597–655.
Gupta, M., and Sharon, N. M. L. (2011). Magnesium, magnesium alloys, and magnesium composites, Wiley, New York.
Hagerty, J. J., Lawrence, D. J., and Hawke, B. R. (2011). “Thorium abundances of basalt ponds in South Pole-Aitken basin: Insights into the composition and evolution of the far side lunar mantle.” J. Geophys. Res., 116, E06001, 10.1029/2010JE003723https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003723.
Haskin, L. A., and Warren, P. H. (1991). “Lunar chemistry.” Lunar sourcebook, G. H. Heiken, D. T. Vaniman, and B. M. French, eds., Cambridge University Press, New York, 367–474.
Hassan, S. F., Ho, K. F., and Gupta, M. (2004). “Increasing elastic modulus, strength and CTE of AZ91 by reinforcing pure magnesium with elemental copper.” Mater. Lett., 58(16), 2143–2146.
Heinbockel, J. H., et al. (2011). “Comparison of the transport codes HZETRN, HETC and FLUKA for galactic cosmic rays.” Adv. Space Res., 47(6), 1089–1105.
International Magnesium Association. (2012). “Industry News.” 〈http://www.intlmag.org〉.
Jayalakshmi, S., Kailas, S. V., and Seshan, S. (2002). “Tensile behaviour of squeeze cast AM100 magnesium alloy and its Al2O3 fibre reinforced composites.” Composites Part A: Appl. Sci. Manufact., 33(8), 1135–1140.
Kaneko, T., and Suzuki, M. (2003). “Automotive applications of magnesium alloys.” Mater. Sci. Forum, 419–422, 67–74.
Landis, G. A. (2007). “Materials refining on the Moon.” Acta Astronaut., 60(10–11), 906–915.
Lawrence, D. J., et al. (2000). “Thorium abundances on the lunar surface.” J. Geophys. Res., 105(E8), 20307–20331.
Liu, Y., and Taylor, L. A. (2011). “Characterization of lunar dust and a synopsis of available lunar simulants.” Planet. Space Sci., 59(14), 1769–1783.
Luo, A., and Pekguleryuz, M. O. (1994). “Review cast magnesium alloys for elevated temperature applications.” J. Mater. Sci., 29(20), 5259–5271.
Magnesium Elektron Ltd. (2011a). Datasheet 102, Magnesium Electron U.K., Manchester, England.
Magnesium Elektron Ltd. (2011b). Datasheet 440, Magnesium Electron U.K., Manchester, England.
Magnesium Elektron Ltd. (2011c). Datasheet 454, Magnesium Electron U.K., Manchester, England.
Magnesium Elektron Ltd. (2011d). Datasheet 455, Magnesium Electron U.K., Manchester, England.
Magnesium Elektron Ltd. (2011e). Datasheet 475, Magnesium Electron U.K., Manchester, England.
McCallum, I. S., et al. (2006). “Cooling history of lunar Mg-suite gabbronorite 76255, troctolite 76535 and Stillwater pyroxenite SC-936: The record in exsolution and ordering in pyroxene.” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 70(24), 6068–6078.
Meridian Technologies Inc. (2012). “Material properties.” 〈http://www.meridian-mag.com/magnesium/datasheet.pdf〉.
Miller, J., et al. (2009). “Lunar soil as shielding against space radiation.” Radiat. Meas., 44(2), 163–167.
Mordike, B. L. (2002). “Creep-resistant magnesium alloys.” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 324, 103–112.
Mordike, B. L., and Ebert, T. (2001). “Magnesium properties, applications, potential.” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 302(1–2), 37–45.
Neelakanta, P. S. (1995). Handbook of electromagnetic materials, monolithic and composite versions and their applications, CRC Press, Orlando, FL.
Ng, C. C., Savalani, M. M., Lau, M. L., and Man, H. C. (2011). “Microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted magnesium.” Appl. Surf. Sci., 257(17), 7447–7454.
Ostrovsky, I., and Henn, Y. (2007). “Present state and future of magnesium application in aerospace industry.” Int. Conf. New Challenges in Aeronautics, Moscow.
Papike, J. J., Taylor, L., and Simon, S. (1991). “Lunar minerals.” Lunar sourcebook, G. Heiken, D. Vaniman, and B. French, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 121–181.
Pokhmurska, H., Wielage, B., Lampke, T., Grund, T., Student, M., and Chervinska, N. (2008). “Post-treatment of thermal spray coatings on magnesium.” Surf. Coat. Tech., 202(18), 4515–4524.
Polmear, I. J. (1994). “Magnesium alloys and applications.” Mater. Sci. Technol., 10(1), 1–16.
Qian, M., and Das, A. (2006). “Grain refinement of magnesium alloys by zirconium: Formation of equiaxed grains.” Scr. Mater., 54(5), 881–886.
Ruess, F., Schaenzlin, J., and Benaroya, H. (2006). “Structural design of a lunar habitat.” J. Aerosp. Eng., 19(3), 133–157.
Seboldt, W., et al. (1993). “Lunar oxygen extraction using fluorine.” Resources of near earth space, J. S. Lewis, M. S. Matthews, M. L. Guerrieri, eds., Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 129–148.
Sen, S., Ray, C. S., and Reddy, R. G. (2005). “Processing of lunar soil simulant for space exploration applications.” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 413–414, 592–597.
Senf, J., Broszeit, E., Gugau, M., and Berger, C. (2000). “Corrosion and galvanic corrosion of die casted magnesium alloys.” Magnesium technology 2000, H. I. Kaplan, J. Hryn, and B. Clow, eds., The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Warrendale, PA.
Senior, C. L. (1993). “Lunar oxygen production by pyrolysis.” Resources of near earth space, J. S. Lewis, M. S. Matthews, and M. L. Guerrieri, eds., Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 179–196.
Shkuratov, Y. G., et al. (2005). “Derivation of elemental abundance maps at intermediate resolution from optical interpolation of lunar prospector gamma-ray spectrometer data.” Planet. Space Sci., 53(12), 1287–1301.
Shu, D. W., and Ahmad, I. R. (2011). “Magnesium alloys: An alternative for aluminum in structural applications.” Adv. Mater. Res., 168–170, 1631–1635.
StJohn, D. H., Qian, M., Easton, M. A., Cao, P., and Hildebrand, Z. (2005). “Grain refinement of magnesium alloys.” Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 36(7), 1669–1679.
Superform Aluminum. (2010). “AZ31B-O automotive material data sheet, Magnesium Elecktron alloys.” 〈http://www.superform-aluminium.com〉 (Aug. 20, 2011).
Taylor, L. A., and Carrier, W. D. (1993). “Oxygen production on the Moon: An overview and evaluation.” Resources of near earth space, J. S. Lewis, M. S. Matthews, and M. L. Guerrieri, eds., Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 69–108.
Vai, A. T., Yurko, J. A., Wang, D. H., and Sadoway, D. R. (2010). “Molten oxide electrolysis for lunar oxygen generation using in-situ resources.” Jim Evans Honorary Symposium, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) Annual Meeting 2010, Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Warrendale, PA, 301–308.
Wang, T., Debelak, K. A., and Roth, J. A. (2008). “Extraction of magnesium and copper using a surfactant and water in supercritical carbon dioxide.” J. Supercrit. Fluids, 47(1), 25–30.
Watarai, H. (2006). “Trend of research and development for magnesium alloys.” Sci. Technol. Trends Qtly. Rev., 18, 84–97.
Williams, R. J., and Jadwick, J. J. (1980). “Handbook of lunar materials.” National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Reference Publication 1057, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC.
Wilson, J. W., Simonsen, L. C., Shinn, J. L., Dubey, R. R., Jordan, W., and Kim, M. (1997). “Radiation analysis for the human lunar return mission.” National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Technical Paper 3662, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC.
Yang, Z. R., Wang, S. Q., Gao, M. J., Zhao, Y. T., Chen, K. M., and Cui, X. H. (2008). “A new-developed magnesium matrix composite by reactive sintering.” Composites Part A: Appl. Sci. Manufact., 39(9), 1427–1432.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 26Issue 1January 2013
Pages: 152 - 159

History

Received: Oct 18, 2011
Accepted: Mar 28, 2012
Published online: Dec 15, 2012
Published in print: Jan 1, 2013

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Haym Benaroya [email protected]
Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ 08854 (corresponding author). E-mail: [email protected]
Sohrob Mottaghi
Graduate Student, Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ 08854.
Zachary Porter
Research Intern, Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ 08854.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share