A Focused Review of Modular Construction for Medical and Quarantine Facilities
Publication: Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 28, Issue 4
Abstract
Modular construction became a preferred option for building medical and quarantine facilities during the pandemic. It has a high degree of prefabrication where individual modules serve as complete spaces in buildings. These modules are manufactured in controlled environments and transported to construction sites for fast assembly. Considering the nature of a pandemic, the prevention of cross infection between occupants should be carefully considered in the floor layout design of medical and quarantine facilities. Ventilation systems are required to supply clean air to patients and health care staff and to create negative air pressure in the wards to further reduce the probability of disease transmission. This paper provides a focused review of modular medical and quarantine facilities, which cover the structural forms, floor layout design, and equipment arrangements. Further construction management technologies are highlighted for the modular prefabrication and construction of medical and quarantine facilities.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for support from the Australian Research Council through the Linkage scheme (LP180101080). Thanks are also given to HGA, CURA and BROAD Core Digital for providing information on relevant modular healthcare and quarantine facilities.
References
Aalto, L., P. Sirola, T. Kalliomäki-Levanto, M. Lahtinen, V. Ruohomäki, H. Salonen, and K. Reijula. 2019. “User-centric work environments in modular healthcare facilities.” Eng. Constr. Archit. Manage. 26 (6): 1047–1062. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-04-2018-0169.
Abanda, F. H., J. H. M. Tah, and F. K. T. Cheung. 2017. “BIM in off-site manufacturing for buildings.” J. Build. Eng. 14: 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.10.002.
Abbaker, A. E. 2006. “Behavior of lightweight framing systems for buildings.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Warwick.
ABC News. 2021. “The Victorian government reaches a deal with the Commonwealth over new quarantine hub.” ABC News. Accessed October 10, 2021. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-04/new-quarantine-hub-to-be-built-in-victoria/100189846.
AGC. 2019. “Level of development specification.” Accessed October 2, 2021. https://bimforum.agc.org/lod/.
Alter, L. 2020. “Broad sustainable buildings builds a COVID hospital in two days.” Accessed October 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20200716163329/https://www.treehugger.com/broad-sustainable-buildings-builds-instant-covid-hospital-three-days-4847967.
Alwisy, A., M. Al-Hussein, and S. H. Al-Jibouri. 2012. “BIM approach for automated drafting and design for modular construction manufacturing.” In Computing in Civil Engineering, edited by R. R. Issa, and I. Flood, 221–228. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Anwar, N., M. A. Izhar, and F. A. Najam. 2018. “Construction monitoring and reporting using drones and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).” In Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Construction in the 21st Century (CITC-10), 2–4. Greenville, NC: Department of Construction Management at East Carolina University.
Arashpour, M., T. Ngo, and H. Li. 2021. “Scene understanding in construction and buildings using image processing methods: A comprehensive review and a case study.” J. Build. Eng. 33: 101672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101672.
Arashpour, M., R. Wakefield, N. Blismas, and E. W. M. Lee. 2014. “Framework for improving workflow stability: Deployment of optimized capacity buffers in a synchronized construction production.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 41 (12): 995–1004. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2014-0199.
Berg, N. 2020. “100 apartments in 8 months: How Toronto built housing for the homeless at breakneck speed.” Accessed October 18, 2021. https://www.fastcompany.com/90568288/100-apartments-8-months-how-toronto-built-housing-for-the-homeless-at-breakneck-speed.
BROAD Group. 2018. “Core Tubular Stainless Steel (CTS) slabs, applications in residential system.” Accessed October 10, 2021. http://en.broad.com/Storage/Largedownloads/enxbzztx.pdf.
BROAD Group. 2020. “BROAD ships restackable COVID hospital to Korea.” Accessed October 10, 2021. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/qUK8KyPcPQ3bIcU7h_gwyQ.
Bryde, D., M. Broquetas, and J. M. Volm. 2013. “The project benefits of building information modelling (BIM).” Int. J. Project Manage. 31 (7): 971–980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.12.001.
Business Wire. 2020. “Northside Hospital Gwinnett Unveils STAAT Mod - new prefabricated inpatient units to care for up to 71 COVID-19 and critically Ill patients.” Accessed October 10, 2021. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201214005637/en/Northside-Hospital-Gwinnett-Unveils-STAAT-ModTM-New-Prefabricated-Inpatient-Units-to-Care-for-Up-to-71-COVID-19-and-Critically-Ill-Patients.
Cassapakis, C., and M. Thomas. 1995. “Inflatable structures technology development overview.” In Space Programs and Technologies Conf., 3738. Huntsville, AL: Aerospace Research Central.
Chen, L., M. M. Eu, T. C. Weng, C. C. Zhang, and H. J. Tang. 2015. “The epidemic control in emergency department uses zoning isolation, moving lines and personal management.” J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 48 (2): 169.
Chen, L.-K., et al. 2021. “Modular composite building in urgent emergency engineering projects: A case study of accelerated design and construction of Wuhan thunder god mountain/leishenshan hospital to COVID-19 pandemic.” Autom. Constr. 124: 103555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103555.
Chen, S.-L., K.-L. Chen, L.-H. Lee, and C.-I. Yang. 2016. “Working in a danger zone: A qualitative study of Taiwanese nurses” work experiences in a negative pressure isolation ward.” Am. J. Infect. Control 44 (7): 809–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2016.01.023.
Cheong, K. W. D., and S. Y. Phua. 2006. “Development of ventilation design strategy for effective removal of pollutant in the isolation room of a hospital.” Build. Environ. 41 (9): 1161–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.05.007.
Chinn, R. Y., and L. Sehulster. 2003. “Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities; recommendations of CDC and Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee.” MMWR Recomm. Rep. 52: 1–48.
Chu, M. H. 2012. “Expandable house: for disaster relief and flexible dwelling.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
CURA (Connected Unit for Respiratory Aliments). 2020a. “CURA is an open-source design for emergency COVID-19 hospitals.” Accessed October 18, 2021. https://curapods.org/.
CURA (Connected Unit for Respiratory Aliments). 2020b. “CURA is an open-source project.” Accessed October 2, 2021. https://curapods.org/open-source-files.
Davis, D. 2020. “Building a hospital in four weeks during pandemic.” Accessed October 10, 2021. https://www.thefabricator.com/thefabricator/blog/covid19/building-a-hospital-in-four-weeks-during-pandemic.
Di Pasquale, J., F. Innella, and Y. Bai. 2020. “Structural concept and solution for hybrid modular buildings with removable modules.” J. Archit. Eng. 26 (3): 04020032. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000423.
EI Ghonaimy, I. 2020. “Sustainability and the recycle of the portable shipping containers in offering health care services in COVID 19 circumstances.” In Proc., 2nd Int. Sustainability and Resilience Conf., Technology and Innovation in Building Designs (51154). New York: IEEE.
Ereth, M. H., D. H. Hess, A. Driscoll, M. Hernandez, and F. Stamatatos. 2020. “Particle control reduces fine and ultrafine particles greater than HEPA filtration in live operating rooms and kills biologic warfare surrogate.” Am. J. Infect. Control 48 (7): 777–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2019.11.017.
Fang, Q., H. Li, X. Luo, L. Ding, H. Luo, T. M. Rose, and W. An. 2018. “Detecting non-hardhat-use by a deep learning method from far-field surveillance videos.” Autom. Constr. 85: 1–9.
Farrell, S. 2020. “Modular construction firm manufacturing ward for Surrey hospital.” Accessed October 10, 2021. https://www.insidermedia.com/news/national/modular-construction-firm-manufacturing-ward-for-surrey-hospital.
Ferdous, W., Y. Bai, T. D. Ngo, A. Manalo, and P. Mendis. 2019. “New advancements, challenges and opportunities of multi-storey modular buildings–A state-of-the-art review.” Eng. Struct. 183: 883–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.01.061.
Gatheeshgar, P., K. Poologanathan, S. Gunalan, I. Shyha, P. Sherlock, H. Rajanayagam, and B. Nagaratnam. 2021. “Development of affordable steel-framed modular buildings for emergency situations (COVID-19).” Struct. 31: 862–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.02.004.
Giriunas, K., H. Sezen, and R. B. Dupaix. 2012. “Evaluation, modeling, and analysis of shipping container building structures.” Eng. Struct. 43: 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.05.001.
Goh, J., S. Hu, and Y. Fang. 2019. “Human-in-the-loop simulation for crane lift planning in modular construction on-site assembly.” In Computing in Civil Engineering 2019: Visualization, Information Modeling, and Simulation, edited by Y. K. Cho, F. Leite, A. Behzadan, and C. Wang, 71–78. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Gong, J., and C. H. Caldas. 2010. “Computer vision-based video interpretation model for automated productivity analysis of construction operations.” J. Comput. Civil Eng. 24 (3): 252–263. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000027.
Gunawardena, T., T. Ngo, P. Mendis, and J. Alfano. 2016. “Innovative flexible structural system using prefabricated modules.” J. Archit. Eng. 22 (4): 05016003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000214.
Guo, B. H. W., Y. Zou, Y. Fang, Y. M. Goh, and P. X. W. Zou. 2021. “Computer vision technologies for safety science and management in construction: A critical review and future research directions.” Saf. Sci. 135: 105130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105130.
Gupta, S. K., S. Kant, and R. Chandrashekhar. 2005. “Operating unit-planning essentials and design considerations.” J. Acad. Hosp. Administr. 17: 1–12.
Hajdasz, M. 2014. “Flexible management of repetitive construction processes by an intelligent support system.” Expert Syst. Appl. 41 (4): 962–973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.06.063.
HGA. 2020. “Patient care anywhere, stat.” Accessed October 18, 2021. https://staatmod.com/.
HGA. 2021. “STAAT mod media assets.” Accessed October 18, 2021. https://hga.com/staat-mod-media-assets/.
Holmdahl, T., and P. Lanbeck. 2013. “Design for the post-antibiotic Era: Experiences from a New building for infectious diseases in Malmö, Sweden.” HERD: Health Environ. Res. Des. J. 6 (4): 27–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/193758671300600403.
Ibrahim, Y. M., T. C. Lukins, X. Zhang, E. Trucco, and A. P. Kaka. 2009. “Towards automated progress assessment of work package components in construction projects using computer vision.” Adv. Eng. Inf. 23 (1): 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2008.07.002.
Imig, J., and J. Harris. 2020. “Meeting healthcare challenges through prefabricated modular solutions and engineering.” Accessed October 2, 2021. https://hga.com/meeting-healthcare-challenges-through-prefabricated-modular-solutions-and-engineering/.
Innella, F., M. Arashpour, and Y. Bai. 2019. “Lean methodologies and techniques for modular construction: Chronological and critical review.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 145 (12): 04019076. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001712.
Innella, F., Y. Bai, and Z. Zhu. 2020. “Acceleration responses of building modules during road transportation.” Eng. Struct. 210: 110398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110398.
Insider, R. 2020. “NGO builds modular hospital in Bucharest for Covid-19 patients.” Accessed October 10, 2021. https://www.romania-insider.com/daruieste-viata-modular-hospital-elias-covid-19.
Islam, H., G. Zhang, S. Setunge, and M. A. Bhuiyan. 2016. “Life cycle assessment of shipping container home: A sustainable construction.” Energy Build. 128: 673–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.07.002.
ISO. 1997. ISO 3874: 1997 series 1 freight containers-handling and securing. ISO/TC 104. Geneva: ISO.
Jacobson, M., W. Stannus, and N. Stavroulakis. 2014. “Fabricating the future.” Ecolibrium. Accessed October 10, 2021. https://www.airah.org.au/Content_Files/EcoLibrium/2014/May14/05-14-Eco-003.pdf.
Kajiyama, T., S. Washizu, and M. Takayanagi. 1984. “Membrane structure and permeation properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/liquid crystal composite membrane.” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 29 (12): 3955–3964. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070291228.
Kam, C., and M. Fischer. 2004. “Capitalizing on early project decision-making opportunities to improve facility design, construction, and life-cycle performance—POP, PM4D, and decision dashboard approaches.” Autom. Constr. 13 (1): 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2003.08.004.
Kanan, R., O. Elhassan, and R. Bensalem. 2018. “An IoT-based autonomous system for workers” safety in construction sites with real-time alarming, monitoring, and positioning strategies.” Autom. Constr. 88: 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.12.033.
Lacey, A. W., W. Chen, H. Hao, and K. Bi. 2018. “Structural response of modular buildings–An overview.” J. Build. Eng. 16: 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.12.008.
Lateef, F. 2009. “Hospital design for better infection control.” J. Emergenc. Trauma Shock 2 (3): 175. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2700.55329.
Lawson, M., R. Ogden, and C. I. Goodier. 2014. Design in modular construction. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Lee, J. K., and H. W. Jeong. 2020. “Rapid expansion of temporary, reliable airborne-infection isolation rooms with negative air machines for critical COVID-19 patients.” Am. J. Infect. Control 48 (7): 822–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.04.022.
Li, C., and H. Tang. 2021. “Study on ventilation rates and assessment of infection risks of COVID-19 in an outpatient building.” J. Build. Eng. 42: 103090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103090.
Li, Y., and C. Liu. 2019. “Applications of multirotor drone technologies in construction management.” Int. J. Construct. Manage. 19 (5): 401–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2018.1452101.
Li, Y., and X. Yang. 2021. “Study on hospital design and its transition during pandemic situation.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Architecture, Politecnico di Torino.
Liew, J. Y. R., Y. S. Chua, and Z. Dai. 2019. “Steel concrete composite systems for modular construction of high-rise buildings.” Struct. 21: 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2019.02.010.
Liu, Y., Z. Chen, J. Liu, Y. Bai, X. Zhong, and X. Wang. 2020. “Lateral stiffness evaluation on corner-supported thin walled modular steel structures.” Thin-Walled Struct. 157: 106967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.106967.
Liu, Z., Z. Gu, Y. Bai, and N. Zhong. 2018. “Intermodal transportation of modular structure units.” World Rev. Intermodal Transp. Res. 7 (2): 99–123. https://doi.org/10.1504/WRITR.2018.091245.
Luo, F. J., Y. Bai, J. Hou, and Y. Huang. 2019a. “Progressive collapse analysis and structural robustness of steel-framed modular buildings.” Eng. Fail. Anal. 104: 643–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.06.044.
Luo, F. J., C. Ding, A. Styles, and Y. Bai. 2019b. “End plate–Stiffener connection for SHS column and RHS beam in steel-framed building modules.” Int. J. Steel Struct. 19 (4): 1353–1365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-019-00214-6.
Luo, H., J. Liu, C. Li, K. Chen, and M. Zhang. 2020. “Ultra-rapid delivery of specialty field hospitals to combat COVID-19: Lessons learned from the Leishenshan hospital project in Wuhan.” Autom. Constr. 119: 103345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103345.
Lutenegger, A. J. 2011. “Historical development of iron screw-pile foundations: 1836–1900.” Int. J. Hist. Eng. Technol. 81 (1): 108–128.
Manning, R., and J. I. Messner. 2008. “Case studies in BIM implementation for programming of healthcare facilities.” Electron. J. Inf. Technol. Constr. 13: 446–457.
Marinelli, M. 2020. “Emergency healthcare facilities: Managing design in a post COVID-19 world.” IEEE Eng. Manage. Rev. 48 (4): 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2020.3029850.
Mehta, M., W. Scarborough, and D. Armpriest. 2008. Building construction: Principles, materials, and systems. Hoboken, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Merschbrock, C., and B. E. Munkvold. 2015. “Effective digital collaboration in the construction industry–A case study of BIM deployment in a hospital construction project.” Comput. Ind. 73: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2015.07.003.
Miller, S. L., N. Clements, S. A. Elliott, S. S. Subhash, A. Eagan, and L. J. Radonovich. 2017. “Implementing a negative-pressure isolation ward for a surge in airborne infectious patients.” Am. J. Infect. Control 45 (6): 652–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2017.01.029.
MMW Architects. 2020. “Emergency modular hospital.” Accessed October 18, 2021. https://archello.com/project/emergency-modular-hospital#stories.
Mohajerani, A., D. Bosnjak, and D. Bromwich. 2016. “Analysis and design methods of screw piles: A review.” Soils Found. 56 (1): 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2016.01.009.
Mullaney, K. 2020. “A call to action.” Accessed October 18, 2021. https://www.hcarefacilities.com/newsletter/article.asp?id=1948.
Nahmens, I., and L. H. Ikuma. 2012. “Effects of lean construction on sustainability of modular home building.” J. Archit. Eng. 18 (2): 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000054.
Oh, M., J. Lee, S. W. Hong, and Y. Jeong. 2015. “Integrated system for BIM-based collaborative design.” Autom. Constr. 58: 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2015.07.015.
Park, J. S., P. Kim, Y. K. Cho, and Y. Fang. 2018. “Automated collaboration framework of UAV and UGV for 3D visualization of construction sites.” In Proc., 18th Int. Conf. on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality. Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. Accessed October 18, 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329252869.
Ramaji, I. J., and A. M. Memari. 2013. “Identification of structural issues in design and construction of multi-story modular buildings.” In Proc., 1st Residential Building Design and Construction Conf., 394–303. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania Housing Research Center.
Ravenscroft, T. 2020. “Shipping-container intensive care unit installed at Turin hospital.” Accessed October 10, 2021. https://www.dezeen.com/2020/04/21/shipping-container-intensive-care-unit-installed-at-turin-hospital/.
Sacks, R., C. Eastman, G. Lee, and P. Teicholz. 2018. BIM handbook: A guide to building information modeling for owners, designers, engineers, contractors, and facility managers. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Salcido, J. C., A. A. Raheem, and R. R. A. Issa. 2016. “From simulation to monitoring: Evaluating the potential of mixed-mode ventilation (MMV) systems for integrating natural ventilation in office buildings through a comprehensive literature review.” Energy Build. 127: 1008–1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.06.054.
Salonen, H., M. Lahtinen, S. Lappalainen, N. Nevala, L. D. Knibbs, L. Morawska, and K. Reijula. 2013. “Physical characteristics of the indoor environment that affect health and wellbeing in healthcare facilities: A review.” Intell. Build. Int. 5 (1): 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2013.764838.
Santana, R., J. S. Sousa, P. Soares, S. Lopes, P. Boto, and J. V. Rocha. 2020. “The demand for hospital emergency services: Trends during the first month of COVID-19 response.” Portuguese J. Public Health 38 (1): 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507764.
Seah, L. K., J. Rhodes, and B. S. Lim. 1993. “Influence of lips on thin-walled sections.” Thin-Walled Struct. 16 (1-4): 145–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-8231(93)90043-A.
Shahpari, M., F. M. Saradj, M. S. Pishvaee, and S. Piri. 2020. “Assessing the productivity of prefabricated and in-situ construction systems using hybrid multi-criteria decision making method.” J. Build. Eng. 27: 100979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100979.
Sharda, A., A. Manalo, W. Ferdous, Y. Bai, L. Nicol, A. Mohammed, and B. Benmokrane. 2021. “Axial compression behaviour of all-composite modular wall system.” Compos. Struct. 268: 113986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113986.
Skouras, M., B. Thomaszewski, P. Kaufmann, A. Garg, B. Bickel, E. Grinspun, and M. Gross. 2014. “Designing inflatable structures.” ACM Trans. Graphics 33 (4): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/2601097.2601166.
Skycity. 2020. “Can we build a hospital in 48 hours?” Accessed October 1, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLYp7YUE9DE.
Smolova, M., and D. Smolova. 2021. “Emergency architecture. Modular construction of healthcare facilities as a response to pandemic outbreak.” In Vol. 274 of E3S Web of Conf., 01013. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences.
Sönmez, N., and B. T. Çavka. 2020. “Transformation of hospital areas in the world after COVID-19 Pandemy.” In IDU SPAD’20 Int. Spatial Planning and Design Symp., 273–295. Izmir, Turkey: Izmir Democracy University.
Spagnolo, A. M., G. Ottria, D. Amicizia, F. Perdelli, and M. L. Cristina. 2013. “Operating theatre quality and prevention of surgical site infections.” J. Preventative Med. Hyg. 54 (3): 131–137.
Su, W.-L., P.-P. Hung, C.-P. Lin, L.-K. Chen, C.-C. Lan, M.-C. Yang, M.-Y. Peng, and Y.-C. Chao. 2021. “Masks and closed-loop ventilators prevent environmental contamination by COVID-19 patients in negative-pressure environments.” J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 54 (1): 81–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.05.002.
Tan, T., K. Chen, F. Xue, and W. Lu. 2019. “Barriers to Building Information Modeling (BIM) implementation in China's prefabricated construction: An interpretive structural modeling (ISM) approach.” J. Cleaner Prod. 219: 949–959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.141.
Tian, J., S. Luo, X. Wang, J. Hu, and J. Yin. 2021. “Crane lifting optimization and construction monitoring in steel bridge construction project based on BIM and UAV.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2021: 5512229.
Tobin, M. J. 2001. “Advances in mechanical ventilation.” N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (26): 1986–1996. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200106283442606.
Victorian Government. 2021. “Victorian quarantine hub Project summary.” Accessed October 10, 2021. https://www.vic.gov.au/alternative-quarantine-accommodation-project-summary.
Winkel, S. R., D. S. Collins, S. P. Juroszek, and F. D. Ching. 2007. Building codes illustrated for healthcare facilities: A guide to understanding the 2006 international building code. Vol. 3. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Witcher, T. R. 2020. “Swift support.” Civ. Eng. Mag. 90 (5): 76–79. https://doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0001494.
Wong, S.-C., et al. 2021. “Infection control challenges in setting up community isolation and treatment facilities for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Implementation of directly observed environmental disinfection.” Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 42 (9): 1037–1045. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.1355.
Wu, G. Y., K. C. Tsai, and W. K. Chow, eds. 2019. The proceedings of 11th Asia-Oceania symposium on fire science and technology. Singapore: Springer.
Xu, G., M. Li, C. H. Chen, and Y. Wei. 2018. “Cloud asset-enabled integrated IoT platform for lean prefabricated construction.” Autom. Constr. 93: 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.05.012.
Xu, Z., and B. Zhou. 2017. “Air distribution design in negative pressure isolation ward.” In Dynamic Isolation Technologies in Negative Pressure Isolation Wards, 111–145. Singapore: Springer.
Yatmo, Y. A., M. M. Y. Harahap, and P. Atmodiwirjo. 2021. “Modular isolation units for patients with mild-to-moderate conditions in response to hospital surges resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.” Int. J. Technol. 12 (1): 43–53. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v12i1.4115.
Ye, Z., K. Giriunas, H. Sezen, G. Wu, and D. C. Feng. 2021. “State-of-the-art review and investigation of structural stability in multi-story modular buildings.” J. Build. Eng. 33: 101844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101844.
Zhai, Z. J., M. El Mankibi, and A. Zoubir. 2015. “Review of natural ventilation models.” Energy Procedia 78: 2700–2705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.355.
Zhang, Q., S. Cheng, and Q. Cheng. 2020b. “Experience summary of a COVID-19 designated community hospital and its operation model.” Panminerva Med. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0031-0808.20.03908-7.
Zhang, Z., W. Pan, and Z. Zheng. 2020a. “Fighting COVID-19 through fast delivery of a modular quarantine camp with smart construction.” In Vol. 174 of Proc., of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Civil Engineering, 89–96. London: Thomas Telford.
Zhao, B., J. Hu, W. Chen, J. Chen, Z. Qiu, J. Zhou, and C. Gao. 2018. “An automatic system for pressure control and load simulation of inflatable membrane structure.” Autom. Constr. 90: 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.02.022.
Zhou, M., Y. Chen, X. Su, and L. An. 2020. “Rapid construction and advanced technology for a COVID-19 field hospital in Wuhan, China.” In Vol. 174 of Proc., of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Civil Engineering, 29–34. London: Thomas Telford.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 28 • Issue 4 • December 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 7, 2021
Accepted: Jun 23, 2022
Published online: Oct 10, 2022
Published in print: Dec 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Mar 10, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Building design
- Buildings
- Business management
- Construction engineering
- Construction industry
- Construction management
- Design (by type)
- Engineering fundamentals
- Epidemic and pandemic
- Facilities (by type)
- Floors
- Health care facilities
- Modular structures
- Offsite construction
- Practice and Profession
- Public administration
- Public health and safety
- Structural engineering
- Structural systems
- Structures (by type)
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.