Development of Wind Load Criteria for Commercial Roof Edge Metals
Publication: Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 24, Issue 3
Abstract
Edge metal covers the majority of commercial roofs to maintain waterproofing. It acts as the first line of defense against wind effects on commercial roofs. First, this article summarizes the in situ measurement site (the Canada Post building located in Vancouver, Canada) and compares the measured pressures with the existing wind standards. This study aimed to develop appropriate wind design pressure coefficients for roof edges, for incorporation in the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC). During this process, the following observations were made: (a) Comparison of the in situ measured pressures with existing wind standards suggested that design specifications on wind loads acting on roof edge metal systems in current building codes and standards are not adequate; (b) a systematic procedure to calculate code-comparable pressure coefficients from the in situ measured data is a challenging process; (c) correlation exists between edge metal design coefficients with those of the roof, to simplify the components and cladding design process.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research and development work was carried out under the auspices of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council’s Collaborative Research Grant (CDR–395869). Thanks are due to the industrial partners—Firestone Building Products, JRS Engineering Group, Menzies Metal Products, Metal-Era, Roofing Contractors Association of BC, and Soprema—for their contributions, including the supply of coping configurations. The authors also acknowledge the assistance of National Resource Council Technical Officers Steven Ko, Amor Duric, David Van Reenen, Aarti Singla, and Maha Dabas. Material requirements were coordinated by Carlisle Syntech, and sensor installation and repairs were completed by Marine Roofing. Access to the building was graciously given by Canada Post, and the authors appreciate the help of Michael Bryson, Alan Shopland, and Reyes Ronald of JLL for coordinating the access, as well as Larry Lemke from Marine Roofing.
References
Alassafin, W., Baskaran, A., Martín-Pérez, B., and Tanaka, H. (2014). “Testing the wind uplift resistance of roof edge components.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Building Envelope Systems and Technologies, I.F.I. Institut für Indusrieaerodynamik GmbH, Aachen, Germany.
Ang, A. H.-S., and Tang, W. H. (1975). Probability concepts in engineering planning and design, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
ANSI (American National Standards Institute). (2011). “Wind design standard for edge systems used with low slope roofing systems.” ANSI/SPRI/FM 4435/ES-1, New York.
ASCE. (2010). “Minimum design loads of buildings and other structures.” ASCE 7-10, Reston, VA.
ASCE. (2012). “Wind tunnel testing of buildings and other structures.” ASCE 49-12, Reston, VA.
ASCE. (2016). “Minimum design loads of buildings and other structures.” ASCE 7-16, Reston, VA.
Bartko, M. S., Molleti, A., and Baskaran, A. (2016). “In situ measurement of wind pressure on low slope membrane roofs.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 153, 78–91.
Baskaran, A. (1986). “Wind loads on flat roofs with parapets.” M.S. thesis, Concordia Univ., Montreal, Québec.
Baskaran, A., Molleti, S., and Roodvoets, D. (2007). “Understanding low-sloped roofs under hurricane Charley from field to practice.” J. ASTM Int., 4(10), 1–13.
Baskaran, A., Molleti, S., Mallinger, T., and Martín-Pérez, B. (2017). “In-situ measurement of wind performance of roof edge systems.” Proc., 32nd RCI International Convention and Trade Show, 89–96.
Borzoee, M. (2012). “A pilot study on the wind uplift performance evaluation of roof edge systems.” Master’s project rep., Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Bysice, J. (2015). “In-situ measurement of wind loads for roof edge metal configurations.” M.S. thesis, Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Caracoglia, L., and Jones, N. P. (2009). “Analysis of full-scale wind and pressure measurements on a low-rise building.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 97(5–6), 157–173.
Cook, N. J., and Mayne, J. R. (1980). “A refined working approach to the assessment of wind loads for equivalent static design.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 6(1–2), 125–137.
Dabas, M., (2013). “Finite element analysis of wind-uplift resistance of roof edge components.” M.S. thesis, Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Doudak, G., McClure, G., Smith, I., Hu, L., and Stathopoulos, T. (2005). “Monitoring structural response of a wooden light-frame industrial shed building to environmental loads.” J. Struct. Eng., 794–805.
FM Global. (2016). Loss prevention data sheet 1-49, Norwood, MA.
FEMA. (2005a). “Mitigation assessment team report: Hurricane Ivan in Alabama and Florida.” FEMA 489, Washington, DC.
FEMA. (2005b). “Mitigation assessment team report: Hurricane Charley in Florida.” FEMA 488, Washington, DC.
FEMA. (2006). “Mitigation assessment team report: Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf Coast.” FEMA 549, Washington, DC.
FEMA. (2009). “Hurricane Ike in Texas and Louisiana: Mitigation Assessment Team Rep.” FEMA 757, Washington, DC.
Hajsaid, L. (2014). “Laboratory evaluation of roof edge components under simulated wind pressure.” Master of engineering project, Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Holmes, J. D. (2001). Wind loading on structures, Spon, London.
Jiang, H. (1995). “Wind effects on metal edge flashings.” M.S. thesis, Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock, TX.
Ko, K. P. S., Molleti, H., Yew, A., and Baskaran, A. (2014). “Field monitoring the wind performance of commercial roofs—Part 3.” Rep. No. IRC-RR 905, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa Canada.
Liu, Z. (2006). “Field measurement and wind tunnel simulations of hurricane wind loads on a single-family dwelling.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC.
Liu, Z., Prevatt, D. O., Aponte-Bermudez, L. D., Gurley, K. R., Reinhold, T. A., and Akins, R. E. (2009). “Field measurement and wind tunnel simulation of hurricane wind loads on a single family dwelling.” Eng. Struct., 31(10), 2265–2274.
Martins, N. E., Martín-Pérez, B., and Baskaran, A. (2016). “Application of statistical models to predict roof edge suctions based on wind speed.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 150, 42–53.
McDonald, J. R., Sarkar, P. P., and Gupta, H. (1997). “Wind-induced loads on metal edge flashings.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 72, 367–377.
Molleti, S., Ko, S. K. P., van Reenen, D., and Baskaran, A. (2009). “Field monitoring of the wind performance of roofs—Procedure for the instrumentation setup.” Rep. No. IRC-RR 905, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
NBCC (National Research Council Canada). (2015). National building code of Canada, National Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Peterka, J. A., et al. (1997). “Wind uplift model for asphalt shingles.” J. Archit. Eng., 147–155.
Peterka, J. A., and Shahid, S. (1998). “Design gust wind speeds in the United States.” J. Struct. Eng., 207–214.
RICOWI (Roofing Industry Committee on Weather Issues). (2006). “Hurricanes Charley and Ivan wind investigation report.” Clinton, OH.
RICOWI (Roofing Industry Committee on Weather Issues). (2007a). “Hurricane Ike wind investigation report.” Roofing Industry Committee on Weather Issues, Inc., Clinton, OH.
RICOWI (Roofing Industry Committee on Weather Issues). (2007b). “Hurricane Katrina wind investigation report.” Clinton, OH.
Smith, T. (1990). “Hurricane Hugo’s effects on metal edge flashings.” Int. J. Roofing Technol., 2, 65–70.
Smith, T. (2015). “Nailer attachment is one key to achieving wind-uplift performance.” Professional Roofing, 65–70.
Stathopoulos, T., Marathe, R., and Wu, H. (1999). “Mean wind pressures on flat roof corners affected by parapets: Field and wind tunnel studies.” Eng. Struct., 21(7), 629–638.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 3, 2017
Accepted: Dec 8, 2017
Published online: Apr 26, 2018
Published in print: Sep 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Sep 26, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.