Energy Matrices of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal Systems: Case Study
Publication: Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 23, Issue 4
Abstract
In this paper, an attempt has been made to study and analyze the integration of residential buildings with photovoltaic (PV) systems. PV panels can be integrated with buildings in various ways (façades, double skin façades, sunshades, rooftops, skylights, etc.), which not only helps in the generation of electricity but also produces thermal heat and daylight. Further, it adds to the aesthetic appeal of the building. More than one-third of the global energy requirement is dedicated to the building sector. About 23% of the total electricity demand accounts for the residential buildings. Integration of a PV system is necessary because it replaces the conventional building materials and at the same time acts as an energy generator to make the building self-sustainable. This reduces the building’s energy demand on the conventional grid and the overall emission of greenhouse gases. It has been found that integration of a semitransparent PV module integrated with the roof at Sodha Bers Complex (SBC) for composite climate at Varanasi, India, provided electrical energy, thermal energy (space heating and domestic hot water heating), and day lighting. The energy payback time (EPBT), energy production factor (EPF), and lifecycle conversion efficiency (LCCE) for ΔT = 8°C and average daily solar radiation = 450 W/m2 was obtained as 15.32 years, 19.58 years (for 300 years), and 0.47 years (for 300 years), respectively.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Global Technology Watch Group, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India for partial financial support (Grant 100/IFD/3118/2014-2015). The authors would like to express their deepest appreciation to those who made it possible to complete this research paper. The authors are especially grateful to Dr. Pooja Saxena and Ashish Gupta whose contribution and stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped in the writing of this paper.
References
Agathokleous, R. A., and Kalogirou, S. A. (2016). “Double skin facades (DSF) and building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV): A review of configurations and heat transfer characteristics.” Renewable Energy, 89, 743–756.
Agrawal, P. C. (1989). “A review of passive systems for natural heating and cooling of buildings.” Solar Wind Technol., 6(5), 557–567.
Aulich, H., Schulz, F., and Strake, B. (1985). “Energy pay-back time for crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules using new technologies.” Proc., 18th IEEE PV Specialists Conf., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, 1213–1218.
Baljit, S., Chan, H.-Y., and Sopian, K. (2016). “Review of building integrated applications of photovoltaic and solar thermal systems.” J. Cleaner Proc., 137(Nov), 677–689.
Buonomano, A., Calise, F., Palombo, A., and Vicidomini, M. (2016). “BIPVT systems for residential applications: An energy and economic analysis for European climates.” Appl. Energy, 184, 1411–1431.
Cucchiella, F., D’Adamo, I., and Gastaldi, M. (2016). “Photovoltaic energy systems with battery storage for residential areas: An economic analysis.” J. Cleaner Prod., 131(Sep), 460–474.
Darghouth, N. R., Barbose, G., and Wiser, R. H. (2014). “Customer-economics of residential photovoltaic systems (Part 1): The impact of high renewable energy penetrations on electricity bill savings with net metering.” Energy Policy, 67(Apr), 290–300.
Dávi, G. A., Caamaño-Martín, E., Rüther, R., and Solano, J. (2016). “Energy performance evaluation of a net plus-energy residential building with grid-connected photovoltaic system in Brazil.” Energy Build., 120(May), 19–29.
Didoné, E. L., and Wagner, A. (2013). “Semi-transparent PV windows: A study for office buildings in Brazil.” Energy Build., 67(Dec), 136–142.
Dinan, T. M., and Miranowski, J. A. (1989). “Estimating the implicit price of energy efficiency improvements in the residential housing: A hedonic approach.” J. Urban Econ., 25(1), 52–67.
DST (Department of Science and Technology). (2016). “Annual Report 2015-2016.” ⟨http://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/DST-2015-16.compressed.pdf⟩ (Jun. 16, 2017).
EEA (European Environment Agency). (2012). “Consumption and the environment 2012 update. State and outlook.” ⟨http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/consumption-and-the-environment-2012/at_download/file⟩ (May 12, 2016).
Farshchimonfared, M., Bilbao, J., and Sproul, A. (2016). “Full optimisation and sensitivity analysis of a photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) air system to a typical residential building.” Solar Energy, 136(Oct), 15–22.
Fekete, K., Klaic, Z., and Majdandzic, L. (2012). “Expansion of the residential photovoltaic systems and its harmonic impact on the distribution grid.” Renewable Energy, 43(Jul), 140–148.
Franco, A., and Fantozzi, F. (2016). “Experimental analysis of a sel consumption strategy for residential building: The integration of PV system and geothermal heat pump.” Renewable Energy, 86(Feb), 1075–1085.
Gan, G. (2009a). “Effect of air gap on the performance of building-integrated photovoltaics.” Energy, 34(7), 913–921.
Gan, G. (2009b). “Numerical determination of adequate air gaps for building-integrated photovoltaics.” Solar Energy, 83(Aug), 1253–1273.
Gupta, N., Tiwari, A., and Tiwari, G. (2017). “Exergy analysis of building integrated semitransparent photovoltaic thermal (BiSPVT) system.” Eng. Sci. Technol., 20(1), 41–50.
Gupta, N., and Tiwari, G. (2017a). “A thermal model of hybrid cooling systems for building integrated semitransparent photovoltaic thermal system.” Solar Energy, 153, 486–498.
Gupta, N., and Tiwari, G. (2017b). “Effect of heat capacity on monthly and yearly exergy performance of building integrated semitransparent photovoltaic thermal system.” J. Renewable Sustainable Energy, 9, 023506.
Gupta, N., and Tiwari, G. N. (2016). “Review of passive heating/cooling systems of buildings.” Energy Sci. Eng., 4(5), 305–333.
Huang, Y.-C., Chan, C.-C., Wang, S.-J., and Lee, S.-K. (2014). “Development of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system with PV ceramic tile and its application for building façade.” Energy Procedia, 61, 1874–1878.
Hunt, L. (1986). “Total energy use in the production of silicon solar cells from raw materials to finished product.” Proc., 12th IEEE PV Specialists, Conf., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., Baton Rouge, LA, 347–352.
IEA (International Energy Agency). (2015). “Energy and climate change-world energy outlook special report.” ⟨https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2015SpecialReportonEnergyandClimateChange.pdf⟩ (Jun. 15, 2017).
Joshi, A., Dincer, I., and Reddy, B. (2009). “Thermodynamic assessment of photovoltaic systems.” Solar Energy, 83(8), 1139–1149.
Kalogirou, S. A., Aresti, L., Christodoulides, P., and Florides, G. (2014). “The effect of air flow on a building integrated PV-panel.” Procedia IUTAM, 11, 89–97.
Kamthania, D., Nayak, S., and Tiwari, G. N. (2011). “Performance evaluation of a hybrid photovoltaic thermal double pass facade for space heating.” Energy Build., 43(9), 2274–2281.
Kato, K., Murata, A., and Sakuta, K. (1998). “Energy pay-back time and life cycle CO2 emission of residential PV power system with silicon PV module.” Prog. Photovoltaics, 6(2), 105–115.
Kim, J.-H., and Kim, J.-T. (2012). “A simulation study of air-type building-integrated photovoltaic-thermal system.” Energy Procedia, 30, 1016–1024.
Lamnatou, C., Mondol, J., Chemisana, D., and Maurer, C. (2015). “Modelling and simulation of building-integrated solar thermal systems: Behaviour of the system.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 45(May), 36–51.
Lang, T., Gloerfeld, E., and Girod, B. (2015). “Don’t just follow the sun–A global assessment of economic performance for residential building photovoltaics.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 42(Feb), 932–951.
Lau, G., et al. (2012). “Modelling of natural convection in vertical and tilted photovoltaic applications.” Energy Build., 55(Dec), 810–822.
Li, D., Lam, T., Chan, W., and Mak, A. (2009). “Energy and cost analysis of semi-transparent photovoltaic in office buildings.” Appl. Energy, 86(5), 722–729.
Madessa, H. B. (2015). “Performance analysis of roof-mounted photovoltaic systems–The case of a Norwegian residential building.” Energy Procedia, 83(Dec), 474–483.
Mainzer, K., Fath, K., McKenna, R., Stengel, J., Fichtner, W., and Schultmann, F. (2014). “A high-resolution determination of the technical potential for residential-roof-mounted photovoltaic systems in Germany.” Solar Energy, 105(Jul), 715–731.
Malkawi, A., Yi, Y., and Lewis, G. (2005). “Integrated evaluation of a photovoltaic installation.” J. Archit. Eng., 131–138.
Matthews, H., Cicas, G., and Aguirre, J. (2004). “Economic and environmental evaluation of residential fixed solar photovoltaic systems in the United States.” J. Infrastruct. Syst., 105–110.
Memari, A. M., Iulo, L. D., Solnosky, R. L., and Stultz, C. R. (2014). “Building integrated photovoltaic systems for single family dwellings: Innovation concepts.” Open J. Civ. Eng., 4, 102–119.
Nagano, K., Mochida, T., Shimakura, K., Murashita, K., and Takeda, S. (2003). “Development of thermal-photovoltaic hybrid exterior wallboards incorporating PV cells in and their winter performances.” Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, 77(3), 265–282.
Nayak, S., and Tiwari, G. N. (2009). “Theoretical performance assessment of an integrated photovoltaic and earth air heat exchanger greenhouse using energy and exergy analysis methods.” Energy Build., 41(8), 888–896.
Ng, P. K., and Mithraratne, N. (2014). “Lifetime performance of semi-transparent building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) glazing systems in the tropics.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 31(Mar), 736–745.
Ondeck, A. D., Edgar, T. F., and Baldea, M. (2015). “Optimal operation of a residential district-level combined photovoltaic/natural gas power and cooling system.” Appl. Energy, 156(Oct), 593–606.
Ordenes, M., Marinoski, D. L., Braun, P., and Rüther, R. (2007). “The impact of building-integrated photovoltaics on the energy demand of multi-family dwellings in Brazil.” Energy Build., 39(6), 629–642.
Othman, A. R., and Rushdi, A. T. (2014). “Potential of building integrated photovoltaic application on roof top of residential development in Shah Alam.” Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci., 153(Oct), 491–500.
Riza, D. F., Gilani, S. I., and Aris, M. S. (2015). “Standalone photovoltaic systems sizing optimization using design space approach: Case study for residential lighting load.” J. Eng. Sci. Technol., 10(7), 943–957.
Sadineni, S. B., Atallah, F., and Boehm, R. F. (2012). “Impact of roof integrated PV orientation on the residential electricity peak demand.” Appl. Energy, 92(Apr), 204–210.
Sahin, A., Dincer, I., and Rosen, M. (2007). “Thermodynamic analysis of solar photovoltaic cell systems.” Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, 91, 153–159.
Saloux, E., Teyssedou, A., and Sorin, M. (2013). “Analysis of photovoltaic (PV) and photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems using the exergy method.” Energy Buil., 67, 275–285.
Saranti, A., Tsoutsos, T., and Mandalaki, M. (2015). “Sustainable energy planning. Design shading devices with integrated photovoltaic systems for residential housing units.” Procedia Eng., 123, 479–487.
Shukla, A. K., Sudhakar, K., and Baredar, P. (2016). “Simulation and performance analysis of 110 kWp grid-connected photovoltaic system for residential building in India: A comparative analysis of various PV technology.” Energy Rep., 2(Nov), 82–88.
Statistics Estonia. (2013). “2012 Household energy consumption survey. Final report.” ⟨https://www.stat.ee/dokumendid/68249⟩ (Dec. 5, 2016).
Strong, S. (2009). “Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV).” World building design guide, National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, DC, 1–6
Sudan, M., and Tiwari, G. (2016). “Daylighting and energy performance of a building for composite climate: An experimental study.” Alexandria Eng. J., 55(4), 3091–3100.
Sudan, M., and Tiwari, G. N. (2014). “Energy matrices of the building by incorporating daylight concept for composite climate—An experimental study.” J. Renewable Sustainable Energy, 6, 053122.
Tiwari, G. N., and Deo, A. (2014). “Performance analysis of 1.8 kWp rooftop photovoltaic system in India.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Green Energy and Technology (ICGET), IEEE, Piscataway, NJ.
Tiwari, G. N., Deo, A., Singh, V., and Tiwari, A. (2016). “Energy efficient passive building: A case study of Sodha Bers Complex.” Renewable Energy, 1(3), 109–183.
Tiwari, G. N., and Mishra, R. (2012). Advanced renewable energy sources, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, U.K.
Tiwari, G. N., Saini, H., Tiwari, A., Gupta, N., Saini, P. S., and Deo, A. (2016). “Periodic theory of building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BiPVT) system.” Solar Energy, 125(Feb), 373–380.
Tsalikis, G., and Martinopoulos, G. (2015). “Solar energy systems potential for nearly net zero energy residential buildings.” Solar Energy, 115(May), 743–756.
Vats, K., and Tiwari, G. N. (2012a). “Energy and exergy analysis of a building integrated semitransparent photovoltaic thermal (BiSPVT) system.” Appl. Energy, 96(Aug), 409–416.
Vats, K., and Tiwari, G. N. (2012b). “Performance evaluation of a building integrated semitransparent photovoltaic thermal system for roof and façade.” Energy Build., 45(Feb), 211–218.
Wee, S. (2016). “The effect of residential solar photovoltaic systems on home value: A case study of Hawai‘i.” Renewable Energy, 91(Jun), 282–292.
Yoo, S., and Lee, E. (2002). “Efficiency characteristic of building integrated photovoltaics as a shading device.” Build. Environ., 37(6), 615–623.
Zogou, O., and Stapountzis, H. (2011). “Experimental validation of an improved concept of building integrated photovoltaic panels.” Renewable Energy, 36(12), 3488–3498.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 23 • Issue 4 • December 2017
Copyright
© 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 3, 2016
Accepted: Apr 12, 2017
Published online: Aug 2, 2017
Published in print: Dec 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Jan 2, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.