Development of Finite-Element Modeling Approach for Lateral Load Analysis of Dry-Glazed Curtain Walls
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 17, Issue 1
Abstract
This paper presents a finite-element modeling option to provide an analytical approach for a seismic analysis of dry-glazed curtain-wall systems. In this modeling approach, Ansys finite-element software was used to model the glass panel, aluminum glazing frame, perimeter rubber gaskets, rubber setting and side blocks, glass-to-frame clearances, and glass-to-frame contact once the clearance was overcome by in-plane drift. The results of the finite-element modeling of the curtain-wall system were compared with full-scale laboratory test results. The effect of some of the parameters such as gasket friction and aspect ratio were evaluated. The study showed that finite-element modeling is a viable approach for analytical evaluation of curtain walls. The modeling can function to predict the drift associated with glass-panel cracking. Further refinement of the modeling approach developed can increase the accuracy of the prediction.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Partial funding for this study was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.NSF CMS-9983896. The support of NSF is gratefully acknowledged. Any opinions expressed here are those of the writers and do not necessarily represent those of National Science Foundation.
References
American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA). (2001). “Recommended dynamic test method for determining the seismic drift causing glass fallout from a wall system.” Publication No. AAMA 501.6-01, Des Plaines, IL.
Ansys 5.0 [Computer software]. Swanson Analysis Systems, Canonsburg, PA.
ASCE. (2006). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ASCE 7-05, Reston, VA.
ASTM. (2006). “Standard practice for determining the resistance of single glazed annealed architectural flat glass to thermal loadings.” E2431-06, West Conshohocken, PA.
Beason, W. L., Kohutek, T. L., and Bracci, J. M. (1998). “Basis for ASTM E 1300 annealed glass thickness selection charts.” J. Struct. Eng., 124(2), 215–221.
Beason, W. L., and Lingnell, W. A. (2000). “Emerging uses for window glass.” Chapter 8, Emerging materials for civil infrastructure state of the art, R. A. Lopez-Anido and T. R. Naik, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 190–216.
Beason, W. L., and Morgan, J. R. (1984). “Glass failure prediction model.” J. Struct. Eng., 110(2), 197–212.
Behr, R. A. (1998). “Seismic performance of architectural glass in mid-rise curtain wall.” J. Archit. Eng., 4(3), 94–98.
Bouwkamp, J. G. (1961). “Behavior of window panels under in-plane forces.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 51(1), 85–109.
Carre, H., and Dauderville, L. (1999). “Load-bearing capacity of tempered structural glass.” J. Eng. Mech., 125(8), 914–921.
Dharani, L. R., and Yu, J. (2004). “Failure modes of glass panels subjected to soft missile impact.” Damage and fracture mechanics VIII: Computer aided assessment and control, WIT Press, Southampton, UK, 163–171.
Dharani, L. R., Ji, F., Behr, R. A., Minor, J. E., and Kremer, P. A. (2004). “Breakage prediction of laminated glass using the ‘sacrificial ply’ design concept.” J. Archit. Eng., 10(4), 126–135.
Dharani, L. R., Wei, J., Yu, J., Minor, J. E., Behr, R. A., and Kremer, P. A. (2005). “Laminated architectural glass subjected to blast, impact loading.” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 84(1), 42–44.
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI). (1990). “Loma Prieta earthquake reconnaissance report.” Earthquake Spectra, Supplement to Vol. 6, EERI, Oakland, CA.
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI). (1995a). “Northridge earthquake reconnaissance report, Vol. 1.” Earthquake Spectra, Supplement C to Vol. 11, EERI, Oakland, CA.
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI). (1995b). “The Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake, January 17, 1995: Preliminary reconnaissance report.” 95-04, EERI, Oakland, CA.
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI). (2001). “The Nisqually, Washington, Earthquake, February 28, 2001: Preliminary reconnaissance report.” EERI 2001-01, EERI, Oakland, CA.
Flocker, F. W., and Dharani, L. R. (1998). “Low velocity impact resistance of laminated architectural glass.” J. Archit. Eng., 4(1), 12–17.
Ji, F. S., Dharani, L. R., and Behr, R. A. (1998). “Damage probability in laminated glass subjected to low velocity small missile impact.” J. Mater. Sci., 33, 4775–4782.
Memari, A. M., Behr, R. A., and Kremer, P. A. (2000), “The role of small-scale tests of glass plates in seismic design of architectural glazing systems.” Proc., 12th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering (CD-ROM), International Association of Earthquake Engineering (IAEE), Auckland, New Zealand.
Memari, A. M., Behr, R. A., and Kremer, P. A. (2003). “Seismic behavior of curtain walls containing insulating glass units.” J. Archit. Eng., 9(2), 70–85.
Memari, A. M., Kremer, P. A., and Behr, R. A. (2004). “Dynamic racking crescendo tests on architectural glass fitted with anchored ‘PET’ film.” J. Archit. Eng., 10(1), 5–14.
Memari, A. M., Kremer, P. A., and Behr, R. A. (2006). “Architectural glass panels with rounded corners to mitigate seismic damage.” Earthquake Spectra, 22(1), 129–150.
Pantelides, C. P., Sallee, G. P., and Minor, J. E. (1994). “Edge strength of window glass by mechanical test.” J. Eng. Mech., 120(5), 1076–1090.
Sglavo, V. M., Muller, C., and Righetti, F. (2007). “Influence of edge finishing on the resistance to thermal stresses of float glass.” Glass Performance Days, Proc. of the 10th Int. Conf. (CD-ROM), GPD, Tampere, Finland, 668–672.
Shirazi, A. (2005). “Development of a seismic vulnerability evaluation procedure for architectural glass curtain walls.” Ph.D. thesis, Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA.
Sucuoglu, H., and Vallabhan, C. V. G. (1997). “Behavior of window glass panels during earthquakes.” Eng. Struct., 19(8), 685–694.
Tucker, J., and Lagos, M. (2007). “4.2 Temblor shakes stuff off shelves, but no major damage.” 〈http://articles.sfgate.com/2007-07-20/bay-area/17254716_1_loma-prieta-earthquake-damage-jack-london-square〉 (Aug. 4, 2009).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 14, 2008
Accepted: Jul 21, 2010
Published online: Feb 15, 2011
Published in print: Mar 1, 2011
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.