Analysis of Deep Moisture Barriers in Expansive Soils. II: Water Flow Formulation and Implementation
This article is a reply.
VIEW THE ORIGINAL ARTICLEThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 6, Issue 5
Abstract
Several alternatives have been proposed to prevent damage to civil infrastructure founded on expansive soils. For example, deep moisture barriers have been used in highways and buildings. However, in some cases, the protected lanes or structures degrade to similar levels as the unprotected ones, although at a smaller rate. In spite of these poor results, relatively few efforts have been devoted to the development of analytical methods for rational designs on expansive soils. This paper couples the constitutive model for expansive soils developed in the companion paper with flow equations in a deforming medium and a finite element code is developed. The resulting numerical tool has the capacity of computing soil suction and volumetric strain changes of expansive soils under a defined wetting–drying regime. To verify the capabilities of this computer code, a laboratory barrier model was built. The model was instrumented to measure soil suction changes and the corresponding surface displacements. The experimental and theoretical results were compared. Finally, the numerical model was applied to a design example of a deep moisture barrier.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Aitchinson, G. D., and Donald, I. B. (1956). “Effective stresses in unsaturated soils.” Proc., 2nd Australian–New Zealand Conf. Soil Mechanics Foundation Engineering, Christchurch, New Zealand, 192–199.
Angulo-Jaramillo, R., Gaudet, J. P., Thony, R., and Vauclin, M. (1990). “Conductivité hydraulique d’un milieu poreux partiellement saturé deformable. I: Principles de determination.” C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. II: Mec., Phys., Chim., Sci. Terre Univers, 310, 161–164.
Aubertin, M., Ricard, J. F., and Chapuis, R. (1998). “A predictive model for the water retention curve: Application to tailings from hard rock mines.” Can. Geotech. J., 35, 55–69.
Bear, J., Zalslavsky, D., and Irmay, S. (1968). Physical principles of water percolation and seepage, UNESCO, Paris.
Bishop, A. W., and Blight, G. E. (1963). “Some aspects of effective stress in saturated on partly saturated soils.” Geotechnique, 13(3), 177–197.
Bishop, A. W., and Donald, I. B. (1961). “The experimental study of partly saturated soils in the triaxial apparatus.” Proc., 5th. ICSMFE, Vol. 1, 13–21.
Burland, J. B. (1965). “Some aspects of the mechanical behavior of partially saturated soils.” Moisture equilibria and moisture changes beneath covered areas, Butterworths, Sydney, Australia, 270–278.
Childs, E. C., and Collis-George, N. (1950). “The permeability of porous materials.” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 201, 392–405.
Diyaljee, V. A., and Wiens, B. (1995). “The use of edge membranes in airport pavement rehabilitation.” Proc., 2nd Int. Congress on Unsaturated Soils, Paris, 959–966.
Evans, R. P., and McNaus, J. (1994). “Construction of vertical moisture barriers to reduce expansive soil subgrade movement.” Transportation Research Record. 1652, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 108–112.
Fredlund, D. G., and Xing, A. (1994). “Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve.” Can. Geotech. J., 31, 521–532.
Hamilton, D. E. D., and Olson, R. E. (1981). “Measurement of hydraulic conductivity of partially saturated soil: Permeability and groundwater contaminant transport.” ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ., 746, 182–196.
Houlsby, G. T. (1997). “The work input to an unsaturated granular material.” Geotechnique, 47, 193–196.
Huang, S., Barbour, S. L., and Fredlund, D. G. (1998). “Development and verification of a coefficient of permeability function for a deformable unsaturated soil.” Can. Geotech. J., 35, 411–425.
Khalili, N., and Khabbaz, M. H. (1998). “A unique relationship for for the determination of the shear strength of unsaturated soils.” Geotechnique, 48, 681–688.
Kunze, R. J., Uehara, G., and Graham, K. (1968). “Factors important in the calculation of hydraulic conductivity.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 32, 760–765.
Mayagoitia, V., Gilot, B., and Rojas, F. (1988). “Domain complexions in capillary condensation.” J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 84, 1–13.
Mualem, Y. (1976). “A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media.” Water Resour. Res., 12, 513–522.
O’Neill, M. W., and Ghazzaly, O. I. (1977). “Swell potential related to building performance.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., 103(12), 1363–1379.
Philip, J. R. (1968). “Hydrostatics and hydrodynamics in swelling soils.” Water Resour. Res., 5, 1070–1077.
Rojas, E., Romo, M. P., and Cervantes, R. (2004). “Analysis of deep moisture barriers in expansive soils. I: Constitutive model formulation.” Int. J. Geomech., 6(5), 311–318.
Steinberg, M. L. (1981). “Deep-vertical-fabric moisture barriers in swelling soils.” Transportation Research Record. 790, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 87–94.
Steinberg, M. L. (1992). “Vertical moisture barrier update.” Transportation Research Record. 1362, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 111–117.
Tabani, P., Masrouri, F., Rolland, S., and Stemmelen, D. (2001). “Evaluation des propietés hydroméchaniques des sols non-saturés: Approche expérimentale par deux différent techniques.” Proc., 15th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 1, Istambul, Turkey, 623–626.
Uzan, J., and Lytton, R. L. (1978). “Measurement of flow properties of expansive clays.” Int. J. Numer. Analyt. Meth. Geomech., 2, 73–86.
van Genuchten, R.(1980). “A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 892–898.
Yeh, G. T., Sharp-Hansen, S., Lester, B., Strobl, R., and Scarbrough, J. (1992). “3dfemwater/3delwaste: Numerical codes for delineating wellhead protection areas in agricultural regions based on the assimilative capacity criterion.” Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Ga.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 6 • Issue 5 • September 2006
Pages: 319 - 327
Copyright
© 2006 ASCE.
History
Received: Feb 21, 2002
Accepted: Jan 6, 2004
Published online: Sep 1, 2006
Published in print: Sep 2006
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.