Concrete Beams Strengthened with Externally Bonded FRP Plates
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 5, Issue 1
Abstract
The structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with adhesively bonded fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) is presented. The experimental work included flexural testing of 2.3-m-long concrete beams with bonded external reinforcements. The test variables included the amount of conventional (internal) reinforcement and also the type and amount of external reinforcement. For comparison, some of the beams were strengthened with bonded steel plates. Theoretical analyses included 2D nonlinear finite-element modeling incorporating a “damage” material model for concrete. In general there were reasonably good correlations between the experimental results and nonlinear finite-element models. It is suggested that the detachment of bonded external plates from the concrete, at ultimate loads, is governed by a limiting principal stress value at the concrete/external plate interface.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Allan, R. C., and Bird, J. ( 1986). “The use of adhesives in the repair of cracks in ships' structures.” Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Struct. Faults and Repair, Engineering Tecnics Press, Edinburgh, U.K., 169–178.
2.
Baker, A. A., and Chester, R. J. ( 1992). “Recent advances in bonded composite repair technology for metallic aircraft component.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Struct. Adhesives in Engrg., University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K., 9/1–9/7.
3.
Bresson, J. ( 1971). “Nouvelle recherches et applications concernant l'utilisation des collages dans les structures. Beton plaque.” Annales de l'Institut Technique due Batiment et des Travaux Publics, Supplement 278, Paris (in French).
4.
British Standards Institution (BSI). ( 1990). “Code of practice for design of concrete bridges.” BS5400: Part 4, London.
5.
Chajes, M. J., Finch, W. W., Januszka, T. F., and Thomson, T. A. ( 1996). “Bond and force transfer of composite material plates bonded to concrete.” ACI Struct. J., 93(2), 208–217.
6.
Chajes, M. J., Thomson, T. A., Januszka, T. F., and Finch, W. W. ( 1994). “Flexural strengthening of concrete beams using externally bonded composite materials.” Constr. and Build. Mat., Oxford, U.K., 8(3), 191–201.
7.
Curtis, P. T., ed. ( 1988). “CRAG test methods for the measurement of the engineering properties of the fibre reinforced plastics.” Tech. Rep. 88012, Royal Aircraft Establishment (now Defence Evaluation Research Agency), Farnborough, U.K.
8.
Department of Transport (DTP). ( 1994). “Strengthening of concrete highway structures using externally bonded plates.” BA 30/94, Vol. 3, Part 1, Her Majesty's Stationery Ofc., London.
9.
El-Badry, M., ed. ( 1996). Advanced composite materials in bridges and structures, Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Montreal.
10.
Emberson, N. K., and Mays, G. C. ( 1990). “Significance of property mismatch in the patch repair of structural concrete.” Mag. of Concrete Res., 42(152), 147–170.
11.
Fleming, C. J., and King, G. E. M. ( 1967). “The development of structural adhesives for three original uses in South Africa.” RILEM Int. Symp. on Synthetic Resins in Build. Constr., RILEM, Paris, 75–92.
12.
Goland, M., and Reissner, E. ( 1944). “The stresses in cemented joints.” J. Appl. Mech., 66, A17–A27.
13.
Hamoush, S. A., and Ahmad, S. H. (1990). “Debonding of steel plate-strengthened concrete beams.”J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 116(2), 356–371.
14.
Hollaway, L. C., and Leeming, M. B., eds. ( 1999). Strengthening of reinforced concrete structures, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, U.K. and CRC, Boca Raton, Fla.
15.
Hussain, M., Sharif, A., Basunbul, I. A., Baluch, M. H., and Al-Sulaimani, G. J. ( 1995). “Flexural behaviour of precracked reinforced concrete beams strengthened externally by steel plates.” ACI Struct. J., 92(1) 14–22.
16.
Hutchinson, A. R., and Hollaway, L. C. ( 1999). “Environmental durability.” Strengthening of reinforced concrete structures, L. C. Hollaway and M. B. Leeming, eds., Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, U.K., 156–182.
17.
Hutchinson, A. R., and Quinn, J. ( 1999). “Materials.” Strengthening of reinforced concrete structures, L. C. Hollaway and M. B. Leeming, eds., Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, U.K., 46–82.
18.
Hutchinson, A. R., and Rahimi, H. ( 1993). “Behaviour of reinforced concrete beams with externally bonded fibre reinforced plastics.” Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Struct. Faults and Repair, Vol. 3, Engineering Tecnics Press, Edinburgh, U.K., 221–228.
19.
Jones, R., Swamy, R. N., and Ang, T. H. ( 1982). “Under- and over-reinforced concrete beams with glued steel plates.” Int. J. Cement Compos. and Lightweight Concrete, London, 4(4), 19–32.
20.
Jones, R., Swamy, R. N., Bloxham, J., and Bouderbalah, A. ( 1980). “Composite behaviour of concrete beams with epoxy bonded external reinforcement.” Int. J. Cement Compos. and Lightweight Concrete, London, 2(2), 91–107.
21.
Jones, R., Swamy, R. N., and Charif, A. ( 1988). “Plate separation and anchorage of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by epoxy-bonded steel plates.” The Struct. Engr., London, 66(5), 85–94.
22.
Kong, F. K., and Evans, R. H. ( 1987). Reinforced and prestressed concrete, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
23.
Ladner, M., and Weder, Ch. ( 1981). “Concrete structures with bonded external reinforcements.” EMPA Rep. 206, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
24.
LUSAS User Manual. (1994). FEA Ltd., Surrey, U.K.
25.
Macdonald, M. D. ( 1978). “The flexural behaviour of concrete beams with bonded external reinforcement.” Rep. SR 415, Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, U.K.
26.
Mays, G. C. ( 1993). “The use of bonded external reinforcement in bridge strengthening: Structural requirements of the adhesive.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Bridge Mgmt., Thomas Telford, London, 672–680.
27.
Mays, G. C., and Hutchinson, A. R. ( 1988). “Engineering property requirements for structural adhesives.” Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs., Part 2, London, 85, 485–501.
28.
Mays, G. C., and Hutchinson, A. R. ( 1992). Adhesives in civil engineering, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
29.
Meier, U., and Betti, R., eds. ( 1997). Recent advances in bridge engineering—Advanced rehabilitation, durable materials, non-destructive evaluation and management, EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
30.
Meier, U., Deuring, M., Meier, H., and Schwegler. ( 1992). “Strengthening of structures with CFRP Laminates: Research and applications in Switzerland.” Advanced composite materials in bridges and structures, K. W. Neale and P. Labossière, eds., Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Montreal, 243–251.
31.
Meier, U., and Kaiser, H. ( 1991). “Strengthening of structures with CFRP laminates.” Advanced composites materials in civil engineering structures, ASCE, New York, 224–232.
32.
Oehlers, D. J., and Moran, J. P. (1990). “Premature failure of externally plated reinforced concrete beams.”J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 116(4), 978–995.
33.
Oliver, J., Cervera, M., Oller, S., and Lubliner, J. ( 1990). “Isotropic damage models and smeared crack analysis of concrete.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Comp. Aided Anal. and Des. of Concrete Struct., N. Bicanic and Mang, eds., Pineridge Press, Swansea, U.K.
34.
Rahimi, H. ( 1997). “Strengthening of concrete structures with externally bonded fibre-reinforced plastics.” PhD thesis, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, U.K.
35.
Raithby, K. D. ( 1980). “External strengthening of concrete bridges with bonded steel plates.” Rep. SR 612, Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, U.K.
36.
Ritchie, P. A., Thomas, D. A., Lu, L. W., and Connelly, G. M. ( 1991). “External reinforcement of concrete beams using fibre reinforced plastics.” ACI Struct. J., 88(3), 490–500.
37.
Roberts, T. M. ( 1989). “Approximate analysis of shear and normal stress concentrations in the adhesive layer of plated RC beams.” The Struct. Engr., London, 67(12), 229–233.
38.
Roberts, T. M., and Haji-Kazemi, H. ( 1989). “Theoretical study of the behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by externally bonded steel plates.” Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs., Part 2, London, 86, 39–55.
39.
Rostasy, F. S. ( 1993). “Strengthening of r/c and p/c structures with bonded steel and frp plates.” Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Struct. Faults and Repair, Vol. 2, Engineering Tecnics Press, Edinburgh, U.K., 217–224.
40.
Rots, J. G., and Blaauwedraad, J. ( 1989). “Crack models for concrete: Discrete or smeared? Fixed, multi-directional or rotating?” Heron, 34(1), Delft, The Netherlands.
41.
Saadatmanesh, H., and Ehsani, M. R. (1991). “RC beams strengthened with GFRP plates. I: Experimental study.”J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 117(11), 3417–3433.
42.
Scott, R. H., and Gill, P. A. T. ( 1984). “Measurement of reinforcement strains in concrete.” Proc., 20th Annu. BSSM Conf., University of Lancaster, Lancaster, U.K.
43.
Sharif, A., Al-Sulaimani, G. J., Basunbul, I. A., Baluch, M. H., and Ghaleb, B. N. ( 1994). “Strengthening of initially loaded reinforced concrete beams using frp plates.” ACI Struct. J., 160–168.
44.
Swamy, R. N., Jones, R., and Bloxham, J. W. ( 1987). “Structural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by epoxy-bonded steel plates.” The Struct. Engr., London, 65A(2), 59–68.
45.
Taerwe, L., ed. ( 1995). Non-metallic (FRP) reinforcement for concrete structures, RILEM Pro 29, E & FN Spon, London.
46.
Triantafillou, T. C., and Plevris, N. ( 1990). “Flexural behaviour of concrete structures strengthened with epoxy-bonded fibre-reinforced plastics.” Proc., Int. Seminar on Plate Bonding Technique, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.
47.
Van Gemert, D., and Maesschalck, (1983). ( 1983). “Structural repair of a reinforced concrete plate by epoxy bonded external reinforcement.” Int. J. Cement Compos. and Lightweight Concrete, 5(4), 247–255.
48.
Volkersen, P. ( 1938). “Die nietkraftverteilung in zugbeanspruchten mit konstanten Laschenquerchritten.” Lüftfahrtforschung, 15, 41–47.
49.
Wei, A., Saadatmanesh, H., and Ehsani, M. R. (1991). “RC beams strengthened with FRP plates. II: Analysis and parametric study.”J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 117(11), 3434–3455.
50.
Wingfield, J. R. J. ( 1993). “Treatment of composite surfaces for adhesive bonding.” Int. J. Adhesion and Adhesives, Oxford, U.K., 13(3), 151–156.
51.
Ziraba, Y. N., Baluch, M. H., Basunbul, I. A., Sharif, A. M., Azad, A. K., and Al-Sulaimani, G. J. ( 1994). “Guidelines toward the design of reinforced concrete beams with external plates.” ACI Struct. J., 91(6), 639–646.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 5 • Issue 1 • February 2001
Pages: 44 - 56
History
Received: Jul 21, 1998
Published online: Feb 1, 2001
Published in print: Feb 2001
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.