Treatment of Contaminated Soils and Groundwater Using ISCO
Publication: Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management
Volume 10, Issue 1
Abstract
In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a rapidly growing field for the remediation of contaminated soils and groundwater. This paper provides an overview of the four oxidation systems that are in common use for ISCO: Catalyzed propagations (CHP) (i.e., modified Fenton’s reagent), permanganate, ozone, and persulfate. Each of the oxidants has different characteristics; for example, CHP is a nonselective oxidizing and reducing system that is capable of degrading almost all organic contaminants and destroying dense nonaqueous phase liquids and sorbed contaminants, but it is unstable in the subsurface. In contrast, permanganate is a selective oxidant that reacts primarily with alkenes and is highly stable in groundwater. Ozone exhibits wide reactivity but is limited by mass transfer limitations and stability. Persulfate is the newest oxidant being used for ISCO; it is moderately stable in the subsurface, and appears to have widespread reactivity, but more research is needed on its chemistry in soils and groundwater. Although none of the ISCO reagents is ideal, these technologies have the potential to treat source zones more rapidly than other remediation processes.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Beltran, F. J. (2003). Ozone reaction kinetics for water and wastewater systems. CRC, Boca Raton, Fla.
Buxton, G. V., Greenstock, C. L., Helman, W. P., and Ross, A. B. (1988). “Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution.” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, 513–886.
Chang, P. B. L., and Young, T. M. (2000). “Kinetics of methyl tert-butyl ether degradation and by-product formation during UV/hydrogen peroxide water treatment.” Water Res., 34(8), 2233–2240.
Clesceri, L. S. (1989). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP). (1999). Technology status review: In situ oxidation, Environmental Security Technology Certification Program, Arlington, Va.
Dragun, J., and Chiasson, A. (1991). Elements in North American soils, Hazardous Materials Control Resources Institute, Greenbelt, Md.
Govindan, S. V., Hoag, G. E., Huang, K.-C., and Mao, F. (2002). “Treatment of PCB contaminated sediment by persulfate oxidation.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Oxidation and Reduction Technologies for In-Situ Treatment of Soil and Groundwater, Toronto.
Haag, W. R., and Yao, C. D. D. (1992). “Rate constants for reaction of hydroxyl radicals with several drinking water contaminants.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 26(6), 1005–1013.
Hoigné, H., Bader, H., Haag, W., and Staehelin, J. (1985). “Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water.” Water Res., 19(8), 993–1004.
Hoigné, H., and Bader, H. (1976). “The role of hydroxyl radical reactions in ozonation processes in aqueous solutions.” Water Res., 10, 377–386.
House, D. A. (1962). “Kinetics and mechanism of oxidations by peroxydisulfate.” Chem. Rev. (Washington, D.C.), 62, 185–200.
Huang, K. C., Couttenye, R. A., and Hoag, G. E. (2002). “Kinetics of heat-assisted persulfate oxidation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).” Chemosphere, 49, 413–420.
Huling, S. G., Arnold, R. G.,Sierka, R. A., and Miller, M. R. (2001). “Influence of peat on Fenton oxidation.” Water Res., 35(7), 1687–1694.
Kronholm, J., and Riekkola, M. L. (1999). “Potassium persulfate as oxidant in pressurized hot water.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 33(12), 2095–2099.
Kuo, C., Zhong, L., Wang, J., and Zappi, M. (1997). “Vapor and liquid phase ozonation of benzene.” Ozone: Sci. Eng., 19(2), 109–127.
Li, X. D., and Schwartz, F. W. (2000). “Efficiency problems related to permanganate oxidation schemes.” Chemical oxidation and reactive barriers: Remediation of chlorinated and recalcitrant compounds, G. B. Wickramanayake, A. R. Gavaskar, and A S. C. Chen, eds., Batelle, Columbus, Ohio.
Langlais, B., Reckhow, D., and Brink, D. (1991). Ozone in water treatment, Lewis, Chelsea, Mich.
Masten, S., and Davies, S. (1997). “Efficacy of in-situ oxidation for the remediation of PAH contaminated soils.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 28, 327–335.
Nelson, C., and Brown, R. (1994). “Adapting ozonation for soil and groundwater cleanup.” Chem. Eng. (Rugby, U.K.).
Neta, P.,Madhavan, V., Zemel, H., and Fessenden, R. W. (1976). “Rate constants and mechanism of reaction of with aromatic compounds.” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 99, 163–164.
Nimmer, M., Wayner, B., and Morr, A. (2000). “Insitu ozonation of contaminated groundwater.” Environ. Prog., 19(3), 183–196.
Padmaja, S., Alfassi, Z. B., Neta, P., and Huie, R. E. (1993). “Rate constants for reactions of radicals in acetonitrile.” Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 25, 193–198.
Pigantello, J. J., and Baehr, K. (1994). “Waste management: ferric complexes as catalysts for “Fenton” degradation of 2,4-D and metalochlor in soil.” J. Environ. Qual., 23(2), 365–369.
Peyton, G. R., LaFaivre, M. H., and Smith, M. A. (1990). “Treatability of contaminated groundwater and aquifer solids at town gas sites using photacatalytic oxidation and chemical in situ oxidation.” Prepared for Illinois State Water Survey Division Report Rep. No. HWRIC-RR-048.
Qui, Y., Zappi, M., Kuo, C., and Fleming, E. (1999). “Kinetic and mechanistic study of ozonation of three dichlorophenols in aqueous solutions.” J. Environ. Eng., 125(5), 441–450.
Renaud, P., and Sibi, M. P. (2001). Radicals in organic synthesis, Wiley, New York.
Rittman, B. E., and McCarty, P. L. (2002). Environmental biotechnology: Principles and applications, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Robinson, D., Brown, R., and Skladany, G. (2002). “In situ oxidation of monochlorobenzene, DDT, DDE, and DDD in groundwater using sodium persulfate.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Oxidation and Reduction Technologies for In-Situ Treatment of Soil and Groundwater.
Schmelling, D. C., Gray, K. A., and Kamat, P. V. (1998). “Radiation-induced reactions of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in aqueous solution.”Environ. Sci. Technol., 32(7), 971–974.
Schnarr, M., and Farquhar, G. (1992). “An in situ oxidation technique to destroy residual DNAPL from soil.” Subsurface Restoration Conference, Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. of Ground Water Quality.
Siegrist, R. L., Urynowicz, M. A., West, O. R., Crimi, M. L., and Lowe, K. S. (2001). Principles and practices of in situ chemical oxidation using permanganate, Batelle, Columbus, Ohio.
Small, M. C. (1998). “Risk based corrective action, natural attenuation, and changing regulatory paradigms.” Bioremed. J., 2(3), 221–225.
Smith, B. A., Teel, A. L., and Watts, R. J. (2004). “Identification of the reactive oxygen species responsible for carbon tetrachloride degradation in modified Fenton’s systems.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 38(20), 5465–5469.
Sun, Y., and Pignatello, J. J. (1992). “Chemical treatment of pesticide wastes. Evaluation of Fe(III) chelates for catalytic hydrogen peroxide oxidation of 2,4-D at circumneutral pH.” J. Agric. Food Chem., 40(2), 332–337.
Teel, A. L., and Watts, R. J. (2002). “Degradation of carbon tetrachloride by Fenton’s reagent.”J. Hazard. Mater., B94(2), 179–189.
Tyre, B. W., Watts, R. J., and Miller, G. C. (1991). “Treatment of four biorefractory contaminants in soils using catalyzed hydrogen peroxide.” J. Environ. Qual., 20(6), 832–888.
United States Department of Energy (USDOE). (1999). “Innovative technology summary report: Fenton’s Reagent,” Rep. No. DOE/EM-0484, Office of Science and Technology, Washington, D.C.
Walling, C. (1975). “Fenton’s reagent revisited.” Acc. Chem. Res., 8(1), 125–131.
Watts, R. J. (1998). Hazardous wastes: Sources, pathways, receptors, Wiley, New York.
Watts, R. J., and Teel, A. L. (2005). “Chemistry of modified Fenton’s reagent (catalyzed Propagations—CHP) for in situ soil and groundwater remediation.” J. Environ. Eng., 131(4), 612–622.
Watts, R. J., Howsawkeng, J., and Teel, A. L. (2005). “Destruction of a carbon tetrachloride dense nonaqueous phase liquid by modified Fenton’s reagent.” J. Environ. Eng., 131(7), 1114–1119.
Watts, R. J., and Stanton, P. C. (1999). “Mineralization of sorbed and NAPL-phase hexadecane by catalyzed hydrogen peroxide.” Water Res., 33(6), 1405–1414.
Watts, R. J., Bottenberg, B. C., Jensen, M. E., Hess, T. H., and Teel, A. L. (1999). “Mechanism of the enhanced treatment of chloroaliphatic compounds by Fenton-like reactions.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 33(12), 3432–3437.
Watts, R. J., Kong, S., Dippre, M., and Barnes, W. T. (1994). “Oxidation of sorbed hexachlorobenzene in soils using catalyzed hydrogen peroxide.” J. Hazard. Mater., 39(1), 33–47.
Watts, R. J., Udell, M. D., and Monsen, R. M. (1993). “Use of iron minerals in optimizing the peroxide treatment of contaminated soils.” Water Environ. Res., 69(12), 839–845.
Watts, R. J., Udell, M. D., and Rauch, P. A. (1990). “Treatment of pentachlorophenol-contaminated soils using Fenton’s reagent.” Hazard. Waste Hazard. Mater., 7(4), 335–345.
Wiedemeier, T. H., Rifai, H. S., Wilson, J. T., and Newell, C. (1999). Natural attenuation of fuels and chlorinated solvents in the subsurface, Wiley, New York.
Yan, Y. E., and Schwartz, F. W. (1999). “Oxidative degradation and kinetics of chlorinated ethylenes by potassium permanganate.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 37, 343–365.
Yan, Y. E., and Schwartz, F. W. (1998). “Oxidation of chlorinated solvents by permanganate.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Batelle, Columbus, Ohio.
Yeh, C. K.-J., Wu, H.-M., and Chen, T.-C. (2003). “Chemical oxidation of chlorinated nonaqueous phase liquid by hydrogen peroxide in natural sand systems.” J. Hazard. Mater., 96(1), 29–51.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management
Volume 10 • Issue 1 • January 2006
Pages: 2 - 9
Copyright
© 2006 ASCE.
History
Received: Jul 9, 2004
Accepted: May 25, 2005
Published online: Jan 1, 2006
Published in print: Jan 2006
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.