Pullout Behavior of Granular Pile-Anchors in Expansive Clay Beds In Situ

Granular pile anchors (GPA) are one of the recent innovative foundation techniques devised for mitigating the problems posed by swelling clay beds. In a granular pile anchor, the footing is anchored to an anchor plate at the bottom of the granular pile. This makes the granular pile tension resistant and enables it to absorb the tensile force caused on the foundation by the swelling clay. An understanding of the amount of uplift resistance offered by the GPA is important in the design of granular pile-anchor foundations in field situations causing tensile forces on foundations, such as in expansive clay beds. This paper presents the results of a field-scale test program conducted to study the pullout response of GPAs embedded in expansive clay beds. Pullout load tests were conducted on GPAs of varying lengths and diameters. It was found from the field pullout load tests that granular pile anchors of larger surface area resulted in higher pullout capacity. Of the various single granular pile anchors with $l∕d$ values between 2.5 and 10, the GPA of length $1000\mathrm{mm}$ and diameter $200\mathrm{mm}$ $(l∕d=5)$ showed the best pullout load response when tested alone, resulting in a failure uplift capacity of $14.71\mathrm{kN}$ . Increase in diameter and length of granular pile anchor increased the uplift capacity. When the length of the GPA was increased from $500$ to $750$ and $1000\mathrm{mm}$ , the percentage increase in the uplift load required for an upward movement of $25\mathrm{mm}$ was 33.3 and 55.5% respectively. The pullout load of the GPA when tested under group was $18\mathrm{kN}$ as against a $12\mathrm{kN}$ for the GPA when tested single.