Small-Strain Behavior of Granular Soils. I: Model for Cemented and Uncemented Sands and Gravels
This article is a reply.
VIEW THE ORIGINAL ARTICLEThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 132, Issue 8
Abstract
A simple formulation is presented that predicts the nonlinear small strain behavior of cemented and uncemented granular soils. Its performance is evaluated through the comparison of model predictions to results from laboratory tests. A companion paper evaluates the performance of this model implemented in a site response analysis code through comparison with the measured response at two sites. The formulation for the maximum shear modulus, , which is selected through the evaluation of existing formulations and data, is presented with the hysteretic model developed to describe the shear modulus reduction and damping increase with increasing strains. Few parameters are needed to predict the small strain response, and correlations between model parameters and index properties of granular materials are presented when possible. The model, SimSoil, is shown to capture the cyclic response for sands and gravels with varying densities over a wide range of pressures measured in laboratory tests, including cases when cementation is present.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers would like to acknowledge the support provided by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship and the National Science FoundationNSF, CAREER award NSFCMS-963979.
References
Alarcon-Guzman, A., Chameau, J. L., Leonards, G. A., and Frost, J. D. (1989). “Shear modulus and cyclic undrained behavior of sands.” Soils Found., 29(4), 105–119.
Assimaki, D., Kausel, E., and Whittle, A. J. (2000). “Model for dynamic shear modulus and damping for granular soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 126(10), 859–869.
Baig, S., Picornell, M., and Nazarian, S. (1997). “Low strain shear moduli of cemented sands.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 123(6), 540–545.
Bellotti, R., Benoit, J., Fretti, C., and Jamiolkowski, M. (1997). “Stiffness of Toyoura sand from dilatometer tests.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 123(9), 836–846.
Borcherdt, R. D. (1994). “Estimates of site dependent response spectra for design (methodology and justification).” Earthquake Spectra, 10(4), 617–653.
Carriglio, F. (1989). “Caratteristiche sforzi-deformazioni-resistenza delle sabbie.” Ph.D. thesis, Politecnico di Torino (in Italian).
Chang, T. S., and Woods, R. D. (1992). “Effect of particle contact bond on shear modulus.” J. Geotech. Eng., 118(8), 1216–1233.
Chung, R. M., Yokel, F. Y., and Drnevich, V. P. (1984). “Evaluation of dynamic properties of sands by resonant column testing.” Geotech. Test. J., 7(2), 60–69.
Delfosse-Ribay, E., Djeran-Maigre, I., Cabrillac, R., and Gouvenot, D. (2004). “Shear modulus and damping ratio of grouted sand.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 24, 461–471.
Fioravante, V., Jamiolkowski, M., and LoPresti, D. C. F. (1994). “Stiffness of carbonitic Quiou sand.” XIII Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, ICSMFE, London, 163–167.
Hardin, B. O., and Drnevich, V. P. (1972). “Shear modulus and damping in soils.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 98(7), 667–692.
Hardin, K. O., Drnevich, V. P., Wang, J., and Sams, C. E. (1994). “Resonant column testing at pressures up to .” Dynamic geotechnical testing II, R. J. Ebelhar, V. P. Drnevich, and B. L. Kutter, eds., ASTM, West Conshohoken, Pa.
Hardin, B. O., and Richart, F. E. (1963). “Elastic wave velocities in granular soils.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 89(1), 33–65.
Hatanaka, M., Uchida, A., Taya, Y., Hagiwara, T., and Terui, N. (1999). “Some factors affect the initial elastic modulus of sandy and gravelly soils measured in triaxial cell.” Proc., Second Int. Conf. on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, A. A. Balkema, The Netherlands, 59–64.
Hight, D. W., Gens, A., and Jardine, R. J. (1983). “Evaluation of geotechnical parameters from triaxial tests on offshore clay.” Proc., Society for Underwater Technology Conf. on Offshore Site Investigation, SUT, London, 253–268.
Huang, J. T., and Airey, D. W. (1998). “Properties of artificially cemented carbonate sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 124(6), 492–499.
Hueckel, T., and Nova, R. (1979). “Some hysteresis effects of the behavior of geologic media.” Int. J. Solids Struct., 15(8), 625–642.
Hynes-Griffin, M. E. (1988). “Pore pressure generation characteristics of gravel under undrained cyclic loading.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Ishihara, K. (1996). Soil behavior in earthquake geotechnical engineering, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Iwasaki, T., and Tatsuoka, F. (1977). “Effects of grain size and grading on dynamic shear moduli of sands.” Soils Found., 17(3), 19–35.
Jamiolkowski, M., Leroueil, S., and LoPresti, D. C. F. (1991). “Design parameters from theory to practice.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Geotechnical Engineering for Coastal Development: Geo-Coast 1991, Coastal Development Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan, 877–917.
Jovicic, V., and Coop, M. R. (1997). “Stiffness of coarse grained soils at small strains.” Geotechnique, 47(3), 545–561.
Kausel, E., and Assimaki, D. (2002). “Seismic simulation of inelatic soils via frequency-dependent moduli and damping.” J. Eng. Mech., 128(1), 34–47.
Kokusho, T. (1980). “Cyclic triaxial test of dynamic soil properties for wide strain range.” Soils Found., 20(2), 45–60.
Laird, J. P., and Stokoe, K. H. (1993). “Dynamic properties of remolded and undisturbed soil samples tested at high confining pressures.” Rep.GR93-6, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.
Lee, M. K. W., and Finn, W. D. L. (1978). “Dynamic effective stress response analysis of soil deposits with energy transmitting boundary including assessment of liquefaction potential.” Rep. 36 Soil Mechanics Series, Univ. of British Columbia, Faculty of Applied Science, Vancouver, B.C.
Li, X. S., Wang, Z. L., and Shen, C. K. (1992). “SUMDES: A nonlinear procedure for response analysis of horizontally layered sites subjected to multi-directional earthquake loading.” Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, Calif.
LoPresti, D. C. F., Jamiolkowski, M., Pallara, O., Cavallaro, A., and Pedroni, M. (1997). “Shear modulus and damping of soils.” Geotechnique, 47(3), 603–617.
LoPresti, D. C. F., Pallara, O., Lancellotta, R., and Maniscalco, R. (1993). “Monotonic and cyclic loading behavior of two sands at small strains.” Geotech. Test. J., 16(4), 409–424.
Lovelady, P. L., and Picornell, M. (1990). “Sample coupling in resonant column testing of cemented sands.” Dynamic elastic modulus measurements in materials, A. Wolfenden, ed., ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa, 180–193.
Mindlin, R. D., and Deresiewicz, H. (1953). “Elastic spheres in contact under varying oblique forces.” J. Appl. Mech., 20(3), 327–344.
Pestana, J. M. (1994). “A unified constitutive model for clays and sands.” ScD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.
Pestana, J. M., and Nadim, F. (2000). “Nonlinear site response analysis of submerged slopes.” Rep. UCB/GT/2000-04, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Pestana, J. M., and Whittle, A. J. (1995). “Compression model for cohesionless soils.” Geotechnique, 45(4), 611–631.
Pestana, J. M., and Whittle, A. J. (1999). “Formulation of a unified constitutive model for clays and sands.” Int. J. Numer. Analyt. Meth. Geomech., 23(12), 1215–1243.
Potts, D. M., and Zdravkovic, L. (1999). Finite element analysis in geotechnical engineering, Thomas Telford, London.
Salvati, L. A. (2002). “Seismic response and cyclic behavior of sands.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Saxena, S., Avramidis, A., and Reddy, K. (1988). “Dynamic moduli and damping ratios for cemented sands at low strains.” Can. Geotech. J., 25(2), 353–368.
Saxena, S., and Reddy, K. (1989). “Dynamic moduli and damping ratios for Monterey No. 0 sand by resonant column tests.” Soils Found., 29(2), 37–51.
Schnabel, P. B., Lysmer, J., and Seed, H. B. (1972). “SHAKE: A computer program for earthquake response analysis of horizontally layered sites.” Rep. UCB/EERC 72-12, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Seed, H. B., and Idriss, I. M. (1970). “Soil moduli and damping factors for dynamic response analysis.” Rep. UCB/EERC-70/10, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Seed, H. B., Wong, R. T., Idriss, I. M., and Tokimatsu, K. (1984). “Moduli and damping factors for dynamic analyses of cohesionless soils.” Rep.. UBC/EERC 84-14, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Skoglund, G. R., Cunny, R. W., and Marcuson, W. F. (1976). “Evaluation of resonant column test devices.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 102(11), 1147–1158.
Souto, A., Hartikainen, J., and Ozudogru, K. (1994). “Measurement of dynamic parameters of road pavement materials by the bender element and resonant column tests.” Geotechnique, 44(3), 519–526.
Yasuda, N., and Matsumoto, N. (1993). “Dynamic deformation characteristics of sands and rockfill materials.” Can. Geotech. J., 30(5), 747–757.
Yasuda, N., Ohta, N., and Nakamura, A. (1996). “Dynamic deformation characteristics of undisturbed riverbed gravels.” Can. Geotech. J., 33(2), 237–247.
Yoon, Y. W., and VanImpe, W. F. (1995). “Dynamic behavior of crushable sand.” First Int. Conf. on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, A. A. Balkema, The Netherlands, 227–232.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 132 • Issue 8 • August 2006
Pages: 1071 - 1081
Copyright
© 2006 ASCE.
History
Received: Jul 11, 2003
Accepted: Sep 29, 2005
Published online: Aug 1, 2006
Published in print: Aug 2006
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.