Geotechnical Properties of Fly and Bottom Ash Mixtures for Use in Highway Embankments
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 131, Issue 7
Abstract
Class F fly ash and bottom ash are the solid residue byproducts produced by coal-burning electric utilities. They are usually disposed of together as a waste in utility disposal sites with a typical disposal rate of 80% fly ash and 20% bottom ash. Direct use of these materials in construction projects consuming large volumes of materials, such as highway embankment construction, not only provides a promising solution to the disposal problem, but also an economic alternative to the use of traditional materials. Representative samples of class F fly and bottom ash were collected from two utility power plants in Indiana and tested for their mechanical properties (compaction, permeability, strength, stiffness, and compressibility). Three mixtures of fly and bottom ash with different mixture ratios (i.e., 50, 75, and 100% fly ash content by weight) were prepared for testing. Test results indicated that ash mixtures compare favorably with conventional granular materials.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Joint Transportation Research Program administered by the Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue University, Cinergy Co., Vectren Co., and the Indiana Department of Commerce. The assistance of Nayyar Zia of INDOT and Howard Lewis of Cinergy with collection of samples and other activities needed for completion of the research is appreciated. The contents of this paper reflect the views of the writers, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Federal Highway Administration and the Indiana Department of Transportation, nor do the contents constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.
References
Abernethy, R. F., Peterson, M. J., and Gibson, F. H. (1969). “Major ash constituents in U.S. coals.” Report of Investigation 7240, United States Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C.
American Coal Ash Association (ACAA). (2001). CCP survey, retrieved from ⟨http://www.acaa-usa.org/PDF/ACAA2001CCPSurvey.pdf⟩
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). (1963). “Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils.” Designation D422-63, Philadelphia.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). (2000). “Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer.” Designation D854-00, Philadelphia.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). (2000). “Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort [ ].” Designation D698-00a, Philadelphia.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). (1995). “Standard test method for measurement of hydraulic conductivity of porous material using a rigid-wall, compaction-mold permeameter.” Designation D5856-95, Philadelphia.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). (1996). “Standard test method for one-dimensional consolidation properties of soils.” Designation D2435-96, Philadelphia.
Bolton, M. D. (1986). “The strength and dilatancy of sands.” Geotechnique, 36(1), 65–78.
Carrier, W. D., III. (2000). “Compressibility of a compacted sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 126(3), 273–275.
Diamond, S. (1985). “Selection and use of fly ash for highway concrete.” Report No. FHWA/IN/JHRP-85/8, Final Report, Purdue Univ., W. Lafayette, Ind.
DiGioia, A. M., McLaren, R. J., Burns, D. L., and Miller, D. E. (1986). “Fly ash design manual for road and site application, Vol. 1: Dry or conditioned placement.” Manual Prepared for EPRI, CS-4419, Research Project 2422-2, Interim Report, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.
Dry, C. M. (1995). “The potential use of waste (ash) materials for EIFS insulation and related components.” Development, Use, and Performance of Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS), ASTM STP 1187, Mark F. Williams and Richard G. Lampo, eds., ASTM, Philadelphia.
Engineering News Record (ENR). (1980). “Billions at stake in coal fight.” Eng. News-Rec., 204, 2.
Guo, R. Q., Rohatgi, P. K., and Nath, D. (1996). “Compacting characteristics of aluminium-fly ash power mixtures.” J. Mater. Sci., 31, 5513–5519.
Huang, H. W. (1990). “The use of bottom ash in highway embankments, subgrade, and subbases.” Joint Highway Research Project, Final Report, FHWA/IN/JHRP-90/4, Purdue Univ., W. Lafayette, Ind.
Kalyoncu, R. S. (1999). “Coal combustion products.” Metals and minerals: U.S. Geological Survey minerals yearbook 1997, Vol. I, 19.1–19.13.
Kuerbis, R., Negussey, D., and Vaid, Y. P. (1988). “Effect of gradation and fines content on the undrained response of sand.” Proc., Hydraulic Fill Structures, Geotechnical Special Publication, No. 21, ASCE, New York, 330–345.
Lade, P., and Yamamuro, J. (1997). “Effects of non-plastic fines on static liquefaction of sands.” Can. Geotech. J., 34(6), 918–928.
Majidzadeh, K., El-Mitiny, R. N., and Bokowski, G. (1977). “Power plant bottom ash in black base and bituminous surfacing.” Vol. 2, User’s Manual, Federal Highway Administration, Report No. FHWA-RD-78-148, Washington, D. C.
McLaren, R. J., and DiGioia, A. M. (1987). “The typical engineering properties of fly ash.” Proc., Geotechnical Practice for Waste Disposal ’87, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 13, E. Wood, ed., ASCE, New York, 683–697.
Roberts, J. E., and DeSouza, J. M. (1958). “The compressibility of sands.” Proc., American Society for Testing and Materials, 58, 1269–1277.
Salgado, R., Bandini, P., and Karim, A. (2000). “Shear strength and stiffness of silty sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 126(5), 451–462.
Schultze, E., and Moussa, A. (1961). “Factors affecting the compressibility of sand.” Proc., 5th Int. Conf. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng., Vol. 1, 335–340.
Seals, R. K., Moulton, L. K., and Ruth, B. E. (1972). “Bottom ash: An engineering material.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 98(4), 311–325.
Selvig, W. A., and Gibson, F. H. (1956). “Analysis of ash from United States coals.” Bulletin 567, Bureau of Mines.
U.S. Navy. (1986). “Design manual—Soil mechanics, foundations, and earth structures.” NAVFAC DM-7, Dept. of the Navy, Washington, D.C.
Usmen, M. A. (1977). “A critical review of the applicability of conventional test methods and materials specifications to the use of coal-associated wastes in pavement construction.” PhD dissertation, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, W.Va.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 131 • Issue 7 • July 2005
Pages: 914 - 924
Copyright
© 2005 ASCE.
History
Received: Sep 5, 2003
Accepted: Aug 24, 2004
Published online: Jul 1, 2005
Published in print: Jul 2005
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.