Development of a Reliability-Based Design Framework for Transmission Line Structure Foundations
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 129, Issue 9
Abstract
This paper presents the reliability-based design (RBD) initiative sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute for transmission line structure foundations. The role of RBD is presented within the context of geotechnical limit state design. Design parameters that are amenable to statistical description can be propagated systematically to a consistent measure of design risk using reliability techniques such as the first-order reliability method (FORM). Less quantifiable factors are incorporated approximately into RBD by judicious selection of the target reliability level. A simplified RBD approach based on the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) and multiple resistance factor design (MRFD) formats is proposed for practical implementation. The resistance factors for the LRFD and MRFD formats are calibrated rigorously using FORM to produce designs that can achieve a known level of reliability consistently.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Allen, D. E.(1975). “Limit states design—a probabilistic study.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 2(1), 36–49.
Baecher, G. B. (1987). “Geotechnical risk analysis user’s guide.” Rep. No. FHWA/RD-87-011, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Va.
Baike, L. D.(1985). “Total and partial factors of safety in geotechnical engineering.” Can. Geotech. J., 22(4), 477–482.
Barker, R. M., Duncan, J. M., Rojiani, K. B., Ooi, P. S. K., Tan, C. K., and Kim, S. G. (1991). “Manuals for design of bridge foundations.” NCHRP Rep. No. 343, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
Beal, A. N.(1979). “What’s wrong with load factor design?” Proc., Inst. Civ. Eng., Struct. Build., 66(1), 595–604.
Becker, D. E.(1996a). “Limit states design for foundations. Part I. An overview of the foundation design process.” Can. Geotech. J., 33(6), 956–983.
Becker, D. E.(1996b). “Limit states design for foundations. Part II. Development for National Building Code of Canada.” Can. Geotech. J., 33(6), 984–1007.
Been, K., and Jefferies, M. G. (1993). “Determination of sand strength for limit state design.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Limit State Design in Geotechnical Engineering, Copenhagen, Denmark, 101–110.
Bengtsson, P.-E., Bergdahl, U., and Ottosson, E. (1993). “A comparative study on limit state design and total safety design for shallow foundations.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Limit State Design in Geotechnical Engineering, Copenhagen, Denmark, 13–22.
Boden, B.(1981). “Limit state principles in geotechnics.” Ground Eng., 14(6), 2–7.
Bolton, M. D.(1981). “Limit state design in geotechnical engineering.” Ground Eng., 14(6), 39–46.
Bolton, M. D.(1983). “Eurocodes and the geotechnical engineer.” Ground Eng., 16(3), 17–31.
Bolton, M. D. (1989). “Development of codes of practice for design.” Proc., 12th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2073–2076.
Casagrande, A.(1965). “Role of calculated risk in earthwork and foundation engineering.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 91(SM4), 1–40.
Committee on Reliability Methods for Risk Mitigation in Geotechnical Engineering. (1995). Probabilistic methods in geotechnical engineering, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
Construction Industry Research & Information Association. (1977). “Rationalization of safety and serviceability factors in structural codes.” Rep. No. 63, CIRIA, London.
Criswell, M. E., and Vanderbilt, M. (1987). “Reliability-based design of transmission line structures: methods.” Rep. No. EL-4793(1), Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.
Dahlberg, R., and Ronold, K. O. (1993). “Limit state design of offshore foundations.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Limit State Design in Geotechnical Engineering, Copenhagen, Denmark, 491–500.
Danish Geotechnical Institute. (1985). “Code of practice for foundation engineering.” Bulletin 36, DGI, Copenhagen.
DiGioia, A. M., Jr., and Rojas-Gonzalez, L. F. (1991). “Application of reliability based design concepts to transmission line structure foundations: Part II.” Paper 91 WM 091-9 PWRD, IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, New York.
DiMaggio, J., Saad, T., Allen T., Christopher, B. R., DiMillio, A., Goble, G., Passe P., Shike, T., and Person, G. (1999). “Geotechnical engineering practices in Canada and Europe.” Rep. No. FHWA-PL-99-O, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.
Driscoll, R.(1984). “Eurocode 7-foundations.” Ground Eng., 17(1), 7–8.
Ellingwood, B. R. (1999). “Probability-based structural design: Prospects for acceptable risk bases.” Proc., 8th Int. Conf. on Application of Statistics and Probability, Sydney, Australia, 11–18.
Ellingwood, B. R., Galambos, T. V., MacGregor, J. G., and Cornell, C. A. (1980). “Development of probability-based load criterion for American National Standard A58.” Special Publication 577, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (1994). “Geotechnical design—Part 1, general rules.” Eurocode 7, Brussels, Belgium.
Fleming, W. G. K.(1989). “Limit state in soil mechanics and use of partial factors.” Ground Eng., 22(7), 34–35.
Focht, J. A.(1994). “Lessons learned from missed predictions.” J. Geotech. Eng., Div., ASCE, 120(10), 1653–1683.
Focht, J. A., Jr., and O’Neill, M. W. (1985). “Piles and other deep foundations.” Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, San Francisco, 187–209.
Freudenthal, A. M.(1947). “Safety of structures.” Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 112, 125–159.
Goble, G. (1999). “Geotechnical related development and implementation of load and resistance factor design (LRFD) methods.” NCHRP Synthesis 276, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
Hansen, J. B. (1965). “Philosophy of foundation design: design criteria, safety factors and settlement limits.” Proc., Symp. on Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Foundations, Duke Univ., Durham, N.C., 1–13.
Honjo, Y., and Kusakabe, O. (2000). “Proposal of a comprehensive foundation design code: Geo-Code 21 ver. 1.” Proc., Int. Workshop on Limit State Design in Geotechnical Engineering, Melbourne, Australia, 75–84.
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Technical Committee 11. (1991). “Loading and strength of overhead transmission lines.” Technical Rep. No. 826, International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva.
International Standard Organization (ISO). (1998). “General principles on reliability for structures.” ISO 2394, Geneva.
Kulhawy, F. H. (1994). “Some observations on modeling in foundation engineering.” Proc., 8th Int. Conf. on Computational Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, Morgantown, W. Va., 209–214.
Kulhawy, F. H.(1996). “From Casagrande’s ‘calculated risk’ to reliability-based design in foundation engineering.” Civ. Eng. Pract., 1(2), 43–56.
Kulhawy, F. H., and Phoon, K. K. (1996). “Engineering judgment in the evolution from deterministic to reliability-based foundation design.” Uncertainty in the geologic environment—from theory to practice (GSP58), Vol. 1, ASCE, New York, 29–48.
Kulhawy, F. H., Phoon, K. K., and Prakoso, W. A. (2000). “Uncertainty in the basic properties of natural geomaterials.” Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Geotechnical Engineering Education and Training, Sinaia, Romania, 297–302.
Leonards, G. A.(1982). “Investigation of failures.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div., ASCE, 108(GT2), 185–246.
Livingstone, W. R. (1989). “CSA code for design, construction, and installation of fixed offshore structures.” Proc., Symp. on Limit States Design in Foundational Engineering, Canadian Geotechnical Society, Toronto, 77–89.
Melchers, R. E. (1999). Structural reliability, analysis, and prediction, 2nd Ed., Wiley, Chichester, U.K.
Meyerhof, G. G.(1984). “Safety factors and limit states analysis in geotechnical engineering.” Can. Geotech. J., 21(1), 1–7.
Meyerhof, G. G.(1995). “Development of geotechnical limit state design.” Can. Geotech. J., 32(1), 128–136.
Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. (1991). “Foundations 6.” Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code, MTO, Downsview, Ontario, 154–170.
Mortensen, K. (1983). “Is limit state design a judgment killer?” Bulletin 35, Danish Geotechnical Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Moses, F., and Larrabee, R. D. (1988). “Calibration of draft RP2A-LRFD for fixed platforms.” Proc., 20th Offshore Technology Conf., Vol. 2, Houston, 171–180.
Ovesen, N. K. (1989a). “Geotechnical limit states design in Europe.” Proc., Symp. on Limit States Design in Foundation Engineering, Canadian Geotechnical Society, Toronto, 33–45.
Ovesen, N. K. (1989b). “General report/discussion session 30: codes and standards.” Proc., 12th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2751–2764.
Phoon, K. K., and Kulhawy, F. H. (1996). “Practical reliability-based design approach for foundation engineering.” Research Record 1546, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 94–99.
Phoon, K. K., and Kulhawy, F. H.(1999a). “Characterization of geotechnical variability.” Can. Geotech. J., 36(4), 612–624.
Phoon, K. K., and Kulhawy, F. H.(1999b). “Evaluation of geotechnical property variability.” Can. Geotech. J., 36(4), 625–639.
Phoon, K. K., and Kulhawy, F. H.(2001). “Closure to ‘Characterization of geotechnical variability’ and ‘Evaluation of geotechnical property variability’ .” Can. Geotech. J., 38(1), 214–215.
Phoon, K. K., Kulhawy, F. H., and Grigoriu, M. D. (1993). “Observations on reliability-based design of foundations for electrical transmission line structures.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Limit State Design in Geotechnical Engineering, Copenhagen, Denmark, 351–362.
Phoon, K. K., Kulhawy, F. H., and Grigoriu, M. D. (1995). “Reliability-based design of foundations for transmission line structures.” Rep. No. TR-105000, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.
Pugsley, A.(1955). “Report on structural safety.” Struct. Eng., 33(5), 141–149.
Ravindra, M. K., and Galambos, T. V.(1978). “Load and resistance factor design for steel.” J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 104(ST9), 1337–1353.
Rosenblueth, E., and Esteva, L. (1972). “Reliability basis for some Mexican codes.” Publication SP-31, American Concrete Institute, Detroit.
Simpson, B., Pappin, J. W., and Croft, D. D.(1981). “An approach to limit state calculations in geotechnics.” Ground Eng., 14(6), 21–28.
Smith, G. N.(1981). “Probability theory in geotechnics—an introduction.” Ground Eng., 14(7), 29–34.
Task Committee on Structural Loadings. (1991). “Guidelines for electrical transmission line structural loading.” Manual and report on engineering practice 74, ASCE, New York.
Technical Committee on Foundations. (1992). Canadian foundation engineering manual, Canadian Geotechnical Society, Richmond, B.C.
Turner, R. C., Ellinas, C. P., and Thomas, G. A. N. (1992). “Towards the worldwide calibration of API RP2A-LRFD.” Proc., 24th Offshore Technology Conf., Vol. 2, Houston, 513–520.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (1997). “Engineering and design, introduction to probability and reliability methods for use in geotechnical engineering.” Engr. Tech. Letter No. 1110-2-547, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C.
Valsangkar, A. J., and Schriver, A. B.(1991). “Partial and total factors of safety in anchored sheet pile design.” Can. Geotech. J., 28(6), 812–817.
Walker, G. R. (1999). “Applications of probability and statistics in the information age—a new role for civil engineers.” Proc., 8th Int. Conf. on Application of Statistics and Problems, Sydney, Australia, 3–9.
Whitman, R. V.(1984). “Evaluating calculated risk in geotechnical engineering.” J. Geotech. Eng., 110(2), 143–188.
Whitman, R. V.(2000). “Organizing and evaluating uncertainty in geotechnical engineering.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 126(7), 583–593.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 129 • Issue 9 • September 2003
Pages: 798 - 806
Copyright
Copyright © 2003 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 29, 2001
Accepted: May 22, 2002
Published online: Aug 15, 2003
Published in print: Sep 2003
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.