Predicting Settlement of Shallow Foundations using Neural Networks
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 128, Issue 9
Abstract
Over the years, many methods have been developed to predict the settlement of shallow foundations on cohesionless soils. However, methods for making such predictions with the required degree of accuracy and consistency have not yet been developed. Accurate prediction of settlement is essential since settlement, rather than bearing capacity, generally controls foundation design. In this paper, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used in an attempt to obtain more accurate settlement prediction. A large database of actual measured settlements is used to develop and verify the ANN model. The predicted settlements found by utilizing ANNs are compared with the values predicted by three of the most commonly used traditional methods. The results indicate that ANNs are a useful technique for predicting the settlement of shallow foundations on cohesionless soils, as they outperform the traditional methods.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Bazaraa, A. R. S. S. (1967). “Use of the standard penetration test for estimating settlements of shallow foundations on sand,” PhD thesis, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.
Briaud, J. L., and Gibbens, R.(1999). “Behavior of five large spread footings in sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 125(9), 787–796.
Burbidge, M. C. (1982). “A case study review of settlements on granular soil.” MSc. thesis, Imperial College of Science and Technology, Univ. of London, London.
Burland, J. B., and Burbidge, M. C. (1985). “Settlement of foundations on sand and gravel.” Proc., Inst. Civ. Eng., Part I, 78(6), 1325–1381.
Caudill, M.(1988). “Neural networks primer, Part III.” AI Expert, 3(6), 53–59.
Coduto, D. P. (1994). Foundation design principles and practices, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
D’Appolonia, D. J., and D’Appolonia, E. (1970). “Use of SPT to estimate settlement of footings on sand.” Proc., Symposium of Foundation Interbedded Sands, Division of Applied Geomechanics, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia and Western Australia of the Australian Geomechanics Society, Perth, 16–22.
Fausett, L. V. (1994). Fundamentals neural networks: Architecture, algorithms, and applications, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Garson, G. D.(1991). “Interpreting neural-network connection weights.” AI Expert,6(7), 47–51.
Goh, A. T. C.(1994). “Seismic liquefaction potential assessed by neural networks.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 120(9), 1467–1480.
Hecht-Nielsen, R. (1990). Neurocomputing, Addison-Wesly, Reading, Mass.
Holzlohner, U.(1984). “Settlement of shallow foundations on sand.” Jpn. Soc. Soil Mech. Found. Eng., 24(4), 58–70.
Hornik, K., Stinchcombe, M., and White, H.(1989). “Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators.” Neural Networks, 2, 359–366.
Jeyapalan, J. K., and Boehm, R. (1986). “Procedures for predicting settlements in sands.” Proc., Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Cohesionless Soils: Design and Performance, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 5, ASCE, Seattle, Wash., 1–22.
Maier, H. R., and Dandy, G. C. (2000). “Applications of artificial neural networks to forecasting of surface water quality variables: Issues, applications and challenges.” Artificial neural networks in hydrology, R. S. Govindaraju and A. R. Rao, eds., Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 287–309.
Masters, T. (1993). Practical neural network recipes in C++, Academic, San Diego.
Maugeri, M., Castelli, F., Massimino, M. R., and Verona, G.(1998). “Observed and computed settlements of two shallow foundations on sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 124(7), 595–605.
Meyerhof, G. G.(1965). “Shallow foundations.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 91(SM2), 21–31.
Moorhouse, D. C. (1972). “Shallow foundations.” Proc., Conf. Performance of Earth and Earth-Supported Structures, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 71–109.
Najjar, Y. M., and Basheer, I. A. (1996). “A neural network approach for site characterization and uncertainty prediction.” Geotechnical Special Publication, 58(1), 134–148.
Picornell, M., and Del Monte, E. (1988). “Prediction of settlement of cohesive granular soils.” Proc., Measured Performance of Shallow Found., Nashville, Tenn., 55–72.
Poulos, H. G. (1999). “Common procedures for foundation settlement analysis-Are they adequate?” Proc., 8th Australia New Zealand Conf. on Geomechanics, Hobart, 3–25.
Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E., and Williams, R. J. (1986). “Learning internal representation by error propagation.” Parallel distributed processing, Vol. 1, Chap. 8, D. E. Rumelhart and J. L. McClelland, eds., MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Schmertmann, J. H.(1970). “Static cone to compute static settlement over sand.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 96(SM3), 7302–1043.
Schmertmann, J. H., Hartman, J. P., and Brown, P. B.(1978). “Improved strain influence factor diagrams.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 104(8), 1131–1135.
Schultze, E., and Sherif, G. (1973). “Prediction of settlements from evaluated settlement observations for sand.” Proc., 8th Int. Conf. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 1(3), 225–230.
Smith, M. (1993). Neural networks for statistical modelling, Van Nostrand–Reinhold, New York.
Sowers, G. F. (1970). Introductory soil mechanics and foundations: Geotechnical engineering, Macmillan, New York.
Stone, M.(1974). “Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions.” J. R. Stat. Soc., B 36, 111–147.
Tan, C. K., and Duncan, J. M. (1991). “Settlement of footings on sands-Accuracy and reliability.” Proc., Geotechnical Engineering Congress, Boulder, Colo., 446–455.
Terzaghi, K., and Peck, R. B. (1948). Soil mechanics in engineering practice, Wiley, New York.
Tokar, S. A., and Johnson, P. A.(1999). “Rainfall-runoff modeling using artificial neural networks.” J. Hydrologic Eng., 4(3), 232–239.
Transportation Research Board (1999). “Use of artificial neural networks in geomechanical and pavement systems.” Transportation Research Circular, December (E-C012), 1–18.
Twomey, J. M., and Smith, A. E. (1997). “Validation and verification.” Artificial neural networks for civil engineers: Fundamentals and applications, N. Kartam, I. Flood, and J. H. Garrett, eds., ASCE, New York, 44–64.
Wahls, H. E. (1997). “Settlement analysis for shallow foundations on sand.” Proc., 3rd Int. Geotechnical Engineering Conf., Cairo, Egypt, 7–28.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 128 • Issue 9 • September 2002
Pages: 785 - 793
Copyright
Copyright © 2002 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 8, 2000
Accepted: Mar 22, 2002
Published online: Aug 15, 2002
Published in print: Sep 2002
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.