Transit-Time Design for Diffusion through Composite Liners
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 128, Issue 7
Abstract
Transit-time design methods are presented in this paper for determining the design thickness for composite liners consisting of a geomembrane and a compacted soil liner or geosynthetic clay liner. The design methods are based on a closed-form analytical solution for transient solute diffusion of volatile organic compounds in a composite liner and results from a numerical model. An analytical solution for diffusion in a two-layer soil profile, which is useful for transit-time design of composite liners, is also presented. The analytical solutions are used to develop graphical solution charts that can be used to design composite liners for which the effluent concentration and contaminant flux are less than a specified value. Design examples are included for a composite liner having a compacted soil liner and a composite liner having a geosynthetic clay liner. The method is relatively simple to apply and can be used for preliminary design of composite liners, evaluating experimental results, and verifying more complex numerical models.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Abramowitz, M., and Stegun, I. A. (1972). Handbook of mathematical functions, Dover, New York.
Alker, S. C., Sarsby, R. W., and Howell, R. (1993). “The composition of leachate from waste disposal sites.” Waste Disposal by Landfill—GREEN 1993, R. W. Sarsby, ed., Balkema, Rotterdam, 215–223.
Benson, C. H., and Lee, T. Y. (2000). “Partition coefficients between volatile organic compounds and bentonite from geosynthetic clay liners,” Environmental Geotechnics Rep. No. 00-5, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wis.
Benson, C. H., Daniel, D. E., and Boutwell, G. P.(1999). “Field performance of compacted clay liners.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 125(5), 390–403.
Bonaparte, R., Othman, M. A., Rad, N. S., Swan, R. H., and Vander Linde, D. L. (1996). “Evaluation of various aspects of GCL performance,” Appendix F, Rep. of 1995 Workshop on Geosynthetic Clay Liners, D. E. Daniel and H. B. Scranton, EPA/600/R-96-149, F1–F34.
Carslaw H. S., and Jaeger, J. C. (1959). Conduction of heat in solids, Clarendon, Oxford, U.K.
Crank, J. (1964). The mathematics of diffusion, Clarendon, Oxford, U.K.
Daniel, D. E., Koerner, R. M., Bonaparte, R., Landreth, R. E., Carson, D. A., and Scranton, H. B.(1998). “Slope stability of geosynthetic clay liner test plots.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 124(7), 628–637.
Edil, T. B., Park, J. K., and Berthouex, P. M. (1992). “Attenuation and transport of volatile organic compounds in clay liners.” Proc., Environmental Geotechnology, M. A. Usmen and Y. B. Acar, eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, 77–86.
Edil, T. B., Wambold, W. S., and Park, J. K. (1995), “Partitioning of VOCs in clay liner materials.” Geoenvironment 2000, ASCE, New York, 775–790.
Estornell, P., and Daniel, D.(1992). “Hydraulic conductivity of three geosynthetic clay liners.” J. Geotech. Eng., 118(10), 1592–1606.
Foose, G. J. (1997). “Leakage rates and chemical transport through composite liners.” PhD dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wis.
Foose, G. J., Benson, C. H., and Edil, T. B. (1999). “Equivalency of composite geosynthetic clay liners as a barrier to volatile organic compounds.” Proc. Geosynthetics 99, Boston, MA, Industrial Fabrics Association International, St. Paul, Minn., 321–334.
Foose, G. J., Benson, C. H., and Edil, T. B.(2002). “Comparison of solute transport in three composite liners.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 128(5), 391–403.
Gibbons, R. D., Dolan, D. G., May, H., O’Leary, K., and O’Hara, R.(1999). “Statistical comparison of leachate from hazardous, codisposal, and municipal solid waste landfill.” Ground Water Monit. Rev., 3, 57–72.
Giroud, J. P., and Bonaparte, R.(1989). “Leakage through liners constructed with geomembranes—Parts I and II.” Geotext. Geomembr., 8, 27–67, 71–111.
Giroud, J. P., Gross, B. A., Bonaparte, R., and McKelvey, J. A. (1997). “Leachate flow in leakage collection layers due to defects in geomembrane liners.” Geosynthetics International, International Geosynthetics Society, St. Paul, Minn. 4(3–4), 215–292.
Hassett, J. J., Banwart, W. L., and Griffin, R. A. (1983). “Correlation of compound properties with sorption characteristics of nonpolar compounds by soils and sediments: Concepts and limitations.” Environmental and solid wastes, C. W. Francis and S. I. Auerbach, eds., Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Mich., 161–178.
Jaeger, J. C.(1950). “Conduction of heat in composite slabs.” Q. J. Appl. Math., 8, 187–198.
Katsumi, T., Benson, C. H., Foose, G. J., and Kamon, M.(2001). “Performance-based design of landfill liners.” Q. J. Eng. Geol., 60(1-4), 139–148.
Kim, J. Y., Edil, T. B., and Park, J. K.(1997). “Effective porosity and seepage velocity in column tests on compacted clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 123(12), 1135–1142.
Mueller, W., Jakob, R., Tatzky-Gerth, R., and August, H. (1998). “Solubilities, diffusion, and partition coefficients of organic pollutants in HDPE geomembranes: Experimental results and calculations.” Proc., Sixth Int. Conf. Geosynthetics, Atlanta, Ga., Industrial Fabrics Association International, St. Paul, Minn. 239–248.
Othman, M. A., Bonaparte, R., and Gross, B. A. (1997). “Preliminary results of composite liner field performance study.” Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Elsevier Science, New York, 289–312.
Park, J. K., and Nibras, M.(1993). “Mass flux of organic chemicals through polyethylene geomembranes.” Water Environ. Res., 65(3), 227–237.
Park, J. K., Sakti, J. P., and Hoopes, J. A.(1996). “Transport of organic compounds in thermoplastic geomembranes. I: Mathematical model.” J. Environ. Eng., 122(9), 800–806.
Peaceman, D. W. (1977). Fundamentals of numerical reservoir simulations, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Rowe, R. K., Hrapovic, L., and Kosaric, N.(1995). “Diffusion of chloride and dichloromethane through a HDPE geomembrane.” Geosynthet. Int., 2(3), 507–536.
Rowe, R. K., Lake, C., von Maubeuge, K., and Stewart, D. (1997). “Implications of diffusion of chloride through geosynthetic clay liners.” Proc., Geoenvironment ’97, Melbourne, Australia, 295–300.
Schwarzenbach, R. P., and Westall, J.(1981). “Transport of nonpolar organic compounds from surface water to groundwater: Laboratory sorption studies.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 15(11), 1360–1367.
Shackelford, C. D. (1990). “Transit-time design of earthen barriers.” Eng. Geol., 29, 79–94.
Shackelford, C. D., and Daniel, D. E.(1991). “Diffusion in saturated soil. I: Background.” J. Geotech. Eng. 117(3), 467–484.
USEPA (2001). “National primary drinking water standards.” EPA 816-F-01-007, United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water, Cincinatti.
Yaws, C. L. (1995). Handbook of transport property data, Gulf, Houston.
Zheng, C., and Bennett, G. D. (1995). Applied contaminant transport modeling, theory, and practice, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 128 • Issue 7 • July 2002
Pages: 590 - 601
Copyright
Copyright © 2002 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 6, 2001
Accepted: Nov 26, 2001
Published online: Jun 14, 2002
Published in print: Jul 2002
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.