Microstructural Interpretation on Reliquefaction of Saturated Granular Soils under Cyclic Loading
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 127, Issue 5
Abstract
It is well known that the resistance to liquefaction of a saturated sand decreases sharply when it has been presheared, either cyclically or quasi statically, beyond a threshold value. The possible mechanism is discussed in light of recent findings on the microstructural anisotropy developed in preshearing (induced anisotropy). A columnlike structure, through which applied stress is mainly transmitted, grows parallel to the major principal stress direction in the strain hardening process. Voids, randomly distributed at first, are also connected in series between the columnlike structures. The anisotropic structure can carry the increasing stress as long as the major stress is applied parallel to the elongation direction of the structure. However, it becomes extremely unstable when the major stress is rotated. The excess pore-water pressure increases markedly under undrained cyclic loading, particularly when the connected voids are stressed perpendicular to their elongation direction. This is the reason why once liquefied sand sharply loses liquefaction resistance in a subsequent reliquefaction test.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Calvetti, F., Combe, G., and Lanier, J. ( 1997). “Experimental micromechanical analysis of a 2D granular material: Relation between structure evolution and loading path.” Mechanics of Cohesive-Frictional Materials, 2, 121–163.
2.
Cundall, P. A., and Strack, O. D. L. ( 1979). “A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies.” Géotechnique, London, 29(1), 47–65.
3.
Emery, J. J., Finn, W. D., and Lee, K. W. ( 1973). “Uniformity of saturated sand specimens.” ASTM STP 523, West Conshohocken, Pa.
4.
Finn, W. D. L., Bransby, P. L., and Pickering, D. J. (1970). “Effect of strain history on liquefaction of sand.”J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 96(6), 1917–1934.
5.
Finno, R. J., Harris, W. W., Mooney, M. A., and Viggiani, G. (1996). “Strain localization and undrained steady state of sand.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 122(6), 462–473.
6.
Ishihara, K., and Okada, S. ( 1978). “Effects of stress history on cyclic behavior of sand.” Soils and Found., Tokyo, 18(4), 31–45.
7.
Ishihara, K., and Okada, S. ( 1982). “Effect of large preshearing on cyclic behavior of sand.” Soils and Found., Tokyo, 22(3), 109–125.
8.
Iwashita, K., and Oda, M. (1998). “Rolling resistance at contacts in simulation of shear band development by DEM.”J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 124(3), 286–292.
9.
Iwashita, K., and Oda, M. ( 1999). “Micro-deformation mechanism of shear banding process based on modified distinct element method.” Powder Technol., 109, 192–205.
10.
Japanese Geotechnical Society. ( 1990). “Method for cyclic undrained triaxial test on soils.” Methods and explanations for soils testing, JSF T 541-1990, Tokyo, 421–450.
11.
Miura, S., and Toki, S. ( 1984). “Anisotropy in mechanical properties and its simulation of sands sampled from natural deposits.” Soils and Found., Tokyo, 24(3), 69–84.
12.
Mulilis, J. P., Arulanandan, K., Mitchell, J. K., Chan, C. K., and Seed, H. B. (1977). “Effects of sample preparation on sand liquefaction.”J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 103(2), 91–108.
13.
Newland, P. L., and Allely, B. H. ( 1957). “Volume changes in drained triaxial tests on granular materials.” Géotechnique, London, 7, 17–34.
14.
Oda, M. ( 1972a). “Initial fabrics and their relations to mechanical properties of granular material.” Soils and Found., Tokyo, 12(1), 17–36.
15.
Oda, M. ( 1972b). “The mechanism of fabric changes during compressional deformation of sand.” Soils and Found., Tokyo, 12(2), 1–18.
16.
Oda, M. ( 1997). “A micro-deformation model for dilatancy of granular materials.” Proc., Symp. on Mech. of Particulate Mat., C. A. Chang, A. Misra, R. Y. Liang, and M. Babic, eds., ASCE, New York, 24–37.
17.
Oda, M., and Kazama, H. ( 1998). “Microstructure of shear bands and its relation to the mechanisms of dilatancy and failure of dense granular soils.” Géotechnique, London, 48(4), 465–481.
18.
Oda, M., Konishi, J., and Nemat-Nasser, S. ( 1982). “Experimental micro-mechanical evaluation of strength of granular materials: Effect of particle rolling.” Mechanics of materials, Vol. 1, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 267–283.
19.
Seed, H. B., Chan, C. K., and Mori, K. (1977). “Influence of seismic history of liquefaction of sands.”J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 103(4), 257–270.
20.
Suzuki, T., and Suzuki, T. ( 1988). “Effects of density and fabric change on reliquefaction resistance of saturated sand.” J. Japanese Geotech. Soc., Tokyo, 28(2), 187–195 (in Japanese).
21.
Suzuki, T., and Toki, S. ( 1984). “Effect of preshearing on liquefaction characteristics of saturated sand subjected to cyclic loading.” Soils and Found., Tokyo, 24(2), 16–28.
22.
Tatsuoka, F., Ochi, K., Fuji, S., and Okamoto, M. ( 1986). “Cyclic undrained triaxial and torsional shear strength of sands for different sample preparation methods.” Soils and Found., Tokyo, 26(3), 23–41.
23.
Tohno, I., and Shamoto, Y. ( 1987). “Liquefaction damage to the ground during the 1983 Nihonkai-Chubu (Japan Sea) earthquake in Aomori prefecture, Tohoku.” J. Natural Disaster Sci., Kyoto, Japan, 8(1), 85–116.
24.
Toki, S., Aono, T., Miura, S., and Miura, K. ( 1988). “The importance of asymmetric stress amplitude effect on undrained cyclic triaxial test result.” Proc., 23rd Japanese Nat. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., 667–670 (in Japanese).
25.
Toki, S., Miura, S., and Tanizawa, F. ( 1981). “A few remarks on the relationship between relative density and strength characteristics of sand.” Proc., Symp. on Relative Density and Engrg. Characteristics of Sand, 78–86 (in Japanese).
26.
Tokimatsu, K., and Hosaka, Y. ( 1986). “Effect of sample disturbance on dynamic properties of sand.” Soils and Found., Tokyo, 26(1), 53–64.
27.
Wakabayashi, T. ( 1957). “Photoelastic method for determination of stress in powdered mass.” Proc., 7th Japanese Nat. Congr. on Appl. Mech., 153–158.
28.
Yamashita, S., Toki, S., and Miura, S. ( 1990). “Change of liquefaction behaviour in sand with anisotropic fabric due to anisotropic consolidation history.” J. Japanese Geotech. Soc., Tokyo, 30(2), 167–178 (in Japanese).
29.
Yasuda, S., and Tohno, I. ( 1988). “Sites of reliquefaction caused by the 1983 Nihonkai-Chubu earthquake.” Soils and Found., Tokyo, 28(2), I-34, 61–72.
30.
Yoshida, T., Tatsuoka, F., Siddiquee, M. S. A., Kamegai, Y., and Park, C-S. ( 1994). “Shear banding in sands observed in plane strain compression.” Proc., Symp. on Localization and Bifurcation Theory for Soils and Rocks, R. Cambou, J. Desrues, and I. Vardoulakis, eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 165–179.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 127 • Issue 5 • May 2001
Pages: 416 - 423
History
Received: Apr 9, 1999
Published online: May 1, 2001
Published in print: May 2001
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.