Evaluation of Liquefaction Using Disturbed State and Energy Approaches
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 126, Issue 7
Abstract
The disturbed state concept (DSC) and the dissipated energy approach can provide simplified, fundamental, and mechanistic methods for the identification of the initiation and growth of liquefaction in saturated soils under cyclic and earthquake loading. Both approaches are developed and used for the analysis of liquefaction in the soil deposits at Port Island, Kobe, Japan, during the Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake. They are also used to analyze liquefaction of two sands during laboratory cyclic tests using torsional and multiaxial devices. It is shown that the DSC and energy criteria can lead to improved understanding of the mechanism of liquefaction, and to rational and simplified procedures compared to those based on empirical and index properties. Furthermore, the DSC possesses certain advantages over the energy approaches, particularly in terms of its implementation in computer (finite-element) programs for dynamic and liquefaction analysis.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Arias, A. ( 1970). “A measure of earthquake intensity.” Seismic design of nuclear power plants. R. J. Hansen (ed.), MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
2.
Arulanandan, K., and Scott, R. F., (eds.) (1994). VELACS—verification of numerical procedures for the analysis of soil liquefaction problems. Vols. I & II, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
3.
Bardet, J. P., Idriss, I. M., O'Rourke, T. D., Adachi, N., Aamada, M., and Ishihara, K. (1997). Proc., North Am.-Japan Workshop on Geotech. Aspects of the Kobe, Loma Prieta and Northridge Earthquakes, Osaka, Japan, University of California, Los Angeles.
4.
Berrill, J. B., and Davis, R. O. (1985). “Energy dissipation and seismic liquefaction in sands: Revised model.” Soils and Found., Tokyo, 25(2), 106–118.
5.
Casagrande, A. (1976). “Liquefaction and cyclic deformations of sands—a critical review.” Harvard Soil Mech. Ser. No. 88, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
6.
Castro, G., and Poulos, S. J. (1977). “Factors affecting liquefaction and cyclic mobility.”J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 103(6), 502–516.
7.
Davis, R. O., and Berrill, J. B. (1982). “Energy dissipation and seismic liquefaction in sands.” Earthquake Engrg. and Struct. Dyn., 19, 59–68.
8.
Davis, R. O., and Berrill, J. B. (1997). “Rational approximation of shear stress and strain based on downhole acceleration measurements.” Int. J. Numer. and Analytical Methods in Geomech., 22(8), 603–619.
9.
Davis, R. O., and Berrill, J. B. (1998a). “Energy dissipation and liquefaction at Port Island, Kobe.” Bull. New Zealand Nat. Soc. for Earthquake Engrg., Waikanae, New Zealand, 31, 31–50.
10.
Davis, R. O., and Berrill, J. B. (1998b). “Site-specific prediction of liquefaction.” Géotechnique, London, 48(2), 289–293.
11.
Desai, C. S. ( 1995). “Constitutive modelling using the disturbed state as microstructure self-adjustment concept.” Continuum models for materials with microstructure, H. B. Mühlhaus, (ed.), Wiley, U.K.
12.
Desai, C. S. (1999). Mechanics of materials and interfaces: The disturbed state concept, CRC, Boca Raton, Fla., in press.
13.
Desai, C. S., and Ma, Y. (1992). “Modeling of joints and interfaces using the disturbed state concept.” Int. J. Numer. and Analytical Methods in Geomech., 16(17), 623–653.
14.
Desai, C. S., and Park, I. J., and Shao, C. (1998). “Fundamental yet simplified model for liquefaction instability.” Int. J. Numer. and Analytical Methods in Geomech., 22, 721–748.
15.
Desai, C. S., Shao, C., and Rigby, D. (1996). “Discussion of `Evaluation of soil liquefaction by energy principles,' by J. Ludwig Figueroa, Adel S. Saada, Liqun Liang, and Nitin M. Dahisaria.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 122(3), 241–242.
16.
Desai, C. S., and Toth, J. (1996). “Disturbed state constitutive modelling based on stress strain and nondestructive behavior.” Int. J. Solids and Struct., 33(11), 1619–1650.
17.
Elgamal, A. W., Zeghal, M., and Parra, E. (1996). “Liquefaction of reclaimed island in Kobe, Japan.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 122(1), 39–49.
18.
Felice, C. W., Tester, V. J., and Sharer, J. (1991). “A nondestructive damage assessment of PCGC grout.” Proc., Conf. on Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions, University of Nevada, Reno, Nev.
19.
Figueroa, J. L., Saada, A. S., Liang, L., and Dahisaria, M. N. (1994). “Evaluation of soil liquefaction by energy principles.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 120(9), 1554–1569.
20.
Finn, W. D. L. (1992). “Evaluation of liquefaction potential.” State-of-the-Art Paper, Proc., Int. Seminar on Soil Dyn. and Geotech. Earthquake Engrg., Lisbon, 33.
21.
Gyi, M. M. ( 1996). “Multiaxial cyclic testing of saturated Ottawa sand.” MS thesis, Dept. of Civ. Engrg. and Engrg. Mech., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.
22.
Idriss, I. M., and Seed, H. B. (1968). “An analysis of ground motions during the 1957 San Francisco earthquake.” Bull. Seismological Soc. of Am., 58(6), 2013–3032.
23.
Ishihara, K. (1993). “Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes.” Géotechnique, 43(3), 351–415.
24.
Iwasaki, Y., and Tai, M. (1996). “Strong motion records at Kobe Port Island.” Soils and Found., Tokyo, 29–40.
25.
Kachanov, L. M. (1986). Introduction to continuum damage mechanics, Martinus Nijhuft, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
26.
Katti, D. R., and Desai, C. S. (1995). “Modeling and testing of cohesive soil using disturbed-state concept.”J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 121(5), 648–658.
27.
Kayen, R. E., and Mitchell, J. K. (1997). “Assessment of liquefaction potential during earthquakes by Arias intensity.”J. Geotech. and Geoenvir. Engrg., ASCE, 123(12), 1162–1174.
28.
Kazama, M. (1996). “Nonlinear behavior of ground inferred from strong motion array records at Kobe Port Island during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake.” Proc., Int. Workshop on Site Response, Port and Harbour Research Institut, Yokosuka, Japan, 185–199.
29.
Law, K. T., Cao, Y. L., and He, G. N. (1990). “An energy approach for assessing seismic liquefaction potential.” Can. Geotech. J., Ottawa, 27, 320–329.
30.
Liang, L., Figueroa, J. L., and Saada, A. S. (1995). “Liquefaction under random loading: Unit energy approach.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 121(11), 776–781.
31.
National Research Council (NRC). (1985). “Liquefaction of soils during earthquake.” Rep. No. CETS-EE01, National Academic Press, Washington, D.C.
32.
Nemat-Nasser, S., and Shokooh, A. (1979). “A unified approach to densification and liquefaction of cohesionless sand in cyclic shearing.” Can. Geotech. J., Ottawa, 16, 659–678.
33.
Park, I. J., and Desai, C. S. (1997). “Analysis of liquefaction in pile foundations and shake table tests using the disturbed state concept.” Rep. to NSF, Dept. of Civ. Engrg. and Engrg. Mech., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.
34.
Scofield, A. N., and Wroth, C. P. (1968). Critical state soil mechanics, McGraw-Hill, London.
35.
Seed, H. B. (1979). “Soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level ground during earthquakes.”J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 105(2), 201–255.
36.
Shao, C., and Desai, C. S. (1998). “Implementation of DSC model for dynamic analysis of soil-structure interaction problems.” Rep. to NSF, Dept. of Civ. Engrg. and Engrg. Mech., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.
37.
Shibata, T., Oka, F., and Ozawa, Y. (1996). “Characteristics of ground deformation due to liquefaction.” Soils and Found., Tokyo, 65–97.
38.
Shibata, T., Yukohomo, H., and Miyoshi, M. (1972). “Liquefaction process of sand during cyclic loading.” Soils and Found., Tokyo, 12(1), 1–16.
39.
Trifunac, M. (1995). “Empirical criteria for liquefaction in sands vis standard penetration tests and seismic wave energy.” Soil Dyn. and Earthquake Engrg., 14, 419–426.
40.
Weibull, W. A. (1951). “A statistical distribution function of wide applicability.” Appl. Mech., 18, 293–297.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 126 • Issue 7 • July 2000
Pages: 618 - 631
History
Received: Dec 8, 1998
Published online: Jul 1, 2000
Published in print: Jul 2000
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.