Damping at Small Strains in Cyclic Simple Shear Test
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 124, Issue 7
Abstract
Cyclic tests were conducted to study damping properties of two reconstituted sands and three laboratory-made clays at small cyclic shear strain amplitudes of γc≈ 0.001–0.04%, employing a recently developed constant-volume equivalent-undrained direct simple shear device for small-strain testing. The tests were strain-controlled with an approximately sinusoidal shape of cyclic straining. The effects of cyclic strain amplitude (γc), frequency of cyclic loading (f), plasticity index (PI), silt content, vertical effective consolidation stress () and overconsolidation ratio (OCR) on the equivalent viscous damping ratio, λ, were investigated. The results show that, for a given γc, λ decreases with and OCR, but both of these effects become smaller if PI increases. The effect of f on λ was not observed for f≈ 0.01–0.1 Hz. The results also show that below γc≈ 0.005%, λ for clays is larger than λ for sands, which is exactly the opposite of the trend above γc≈ 0.005% established previously. Such a reversal of the trend of λ with respect to the type of soil is explained by the relative contributions of soil nonlinearity and soil viscosity to the area of the hysteretic cyclic stress-strain loop at small versus large cyclic strains.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Bjerrum, L., and Landva, A.(1966). “Direct simple-shear test on a Norwegian quick clay.”Géotechnique, London, England, 16(1), 1–20.
2.
Casagrande, A. (1936). “The determination of the pre-consolidation load and its practical significance.”Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Vol. 3, Cambridge, 60–64.
3.
Dobry, R., Ladd, R. S., Yokel, F. Y., Chung, R. M., and Powell, D. (1982). “Prediction of pore water pressure buildup and liquefaction of sands during earthquakes by the cyclic strain method.”National Bureau of Standards Building Sciences Series 138, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
4.
Dobry, R., and Vucetic, M. (1987). “Dynamic properties and seismic response of soft clay deposits.”Proc., Int. Symp. on Geotech. Engrg. of Soft Soils, Vol. 2, Mexico City, 49–85.
5.
Doroudian, M., and Vucetic, M. (1993). “A direct simple shear device for measuring small-strain behavior of soils.”Res. Rep. No. ENG-93-185, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif.
6.
Doroudian, M., and Vucetic, M.(1995). “A direct simple shear device for measuring small-strain behavior.”Geotech. Testing J., ASTM, 18(1), 69–85.
7.
“Dynamic soil properties and site characterization.” (1991). Proc., NSF/EPRI Workshop, Report No. NP7337, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., 1, 3.1–3.100.
8.
Dyvik, R., Berre, T., Lacasses, S., and Raadim, B.(1987). “Comparison of truly undrained and constant volume direct simple shear tests.”Geotechnique, London, England, 37(1), 3–10.
9.
Finn, W. D. L. (1985). “Aspects of constant volume cyclic simple shear.”Proc., Advances in the Art of Testing Soils under Cyclic Conditions, ASCE, Reston, Va., 74–98.
10.
Goto, S., Tatsuoka, F., Shibuya, S., Kim, Y., and Sato, T.(1991). “A simple gauge for local small strain measurements in the laboratory.”Soils and Found., 31(1), 169–180.
11.
“Guidelines for determining design basis ground motions.” (1993). Rep. No. TR-102293, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.
12.
Hayashi, H., Honda, M., Yamada, T., and Tatsuoka, F. (1994). “Modeling of nonlinear stress strain relations of sands for dynamic response analysis.”Proc., 10th World Conf. on Earthquake Engrg., Vol. 11, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 6819–6825.
13.
Jacobsen, L. S.(1930). “Steady forced vibrations as influenced by damping.”Trans. ASME, 52(15), 169–181.
14.
Kim, D. S., and Stokoe, K. H.(1994). “Torsional motion monitoring system for small-strain (10−5 to 10−3) soil testing.”Geotech. Testing J., ASTM, 17(1), 17–26.
15.
Kim, D. S., Stokoe, K. H., and Hudson, W. R. (1991). “Deformational characteristics of soils at small to intermediate strains from cyclic tests.”Res. Rep. 1177-3, Center for Transportation Research, Bureau of Engrg. Research, The University of Texas, Austin, Tex.
16.
Kokusho, T., Tohma, J., Yajima, H., Tanaka, Y., Kanatani, M., and Yasuda, N. (1994). “Seismic response of soil layer and its dynamic properties.”Proc., 10th World Conf. on Earthquake Engrg, Vol. 11, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 6671–6680.
17.
Lanzo, G. (1995). “Comportamento non lineare del terreno influente sulla risposta sismica locale,” PhD thesis, Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy (in Italian).
18.
Lucks, A. S., Christian, J. T., Brandow, G. E., and Hoeg, K.(1972). “Stress conditions in NGI simple shear test.”J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 98(1), 155–160.
19.
Masing, G. (1926). “Eigenspannungen und Verfestigung beim Messing.”Proc., 2nd Int. Congress of Applied Mech., Zurich, Switzerland, 332–335.
20.
Matasovic, N., and Vucetic, M.(1993). “Cyclic characterization of liquefiable sands,”J. of Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 119(11), 1805–1822.
21.
Mitchell, J. K. (1993). Fundamentals of Soil Behavior. John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y.
22.
Seed, H. B., and Idriss, I. M. (1970). “Soil moduli and damping factors for dynamic response analyses.”EERC Report 70-10, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
23.
Shen, C. K., Sadigh, K., and Herman, L. R. (1978). “An analysis of NGI simple shear apparatus for cyclic soil testing.”Dynamic Geotechnical Testing Symp., ASTM Special Technical Publication 654, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa., 148–162.
24.
Shibuya, S., Toshiyuki, T., Fukuda, F., and Degoshi, T.(1995). “Strain rate effects on shear modulus and damping of normally consolidated clay.”Geotech. Testing J., ASTM, 18(3), 365–375.
25.
Silvestri, F. (1991). “Analisi del comportamento dei terreni naturali in prove cicliche e dinamiche di taglio torsionale,” PhD thesis, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy (in Italian).
26.
Soga, K. (1994). “Mechanical behavior and constitutive modeling of natural structured soils,” PhD thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
27.
Tatsuoka, F., Iwasaki, T., and Takagi, Y.(1978). “Hysteretic damping of sands under cyclic loading and its relation to shear modulus.”Soils and Found., 18(2), 25–30.
28.
Tatsuoka, F., Kohata, Y., and Lo Presti, D. (1995). “Deformation characteristics of soils and soft rocks under monotonic and cyclic loads and their relationships.”Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Recent Advances in Geotech. Earthquake Engrg. and Soil Dynamics, Vol. 2, Univ. of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Mo., 851–879.
29.
Tatsuoka, F., Teachavorasinskun, S., Dong, J., Kohata, Y., and Sato, T. (1994). “Importance of measuring local strains in cyclic triaxial tests on granular soils.”Dynamic Geotechnical Testing II, ASTM STP 1213, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa., 288–302.
30.
Toki, S., Shibuya, S., and Yamashita, S. (1994). “Standardization of laboratory test methods to determine the cyclic deformation properties of geomaterials in Japan.”Proc., Int. Symp. on Pre-Failure Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, Vol. 2, IS-Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan, 47–89.
31.
Vucetic, M.(1990). “Normalized behavior of clay under irregular cyclic loading.”Can. Geotech. J., 27(1), 33–41.
32.
Vucetic, M.(1994). “Cyclic threshold shear strains in soils.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 120(12), 2208–2229.
33.
Vucetic, M., and Dobry, R.(1988). “Degradation of marine clays under cyclic loading.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 114(2), 133–149.
34.
Vucetic, M., and Dobry, R.(1991). “Effect of soil plasticity on cyclic response.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 117(1), 89–107.
35.
Vucetic, M., and Lacasse, S.(1982). “Specimen size effect in simple shear test.”J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 108(12), 1567–1585.
36.
Vucetic, M., and Lacasse, S.(1984). “Closure to `Specimen size effect in simple shear test'.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 110(3), 447–453.
37.
Vucetic, M., Lanzo, G., and Doroudian, M.(1998). “Effect of the shape of cyclic loading on damping ratio at small strains.”Soils and Found., 38(1), 111–120.
38.
Whitman, R. V. (1957). “The behavior of soils under transient loading.”Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Vol. 1, London, England, 207–210.
39.
Wood, D. M., and Budhu, M. (1980). “The behaviour of Leighton Buzzard Sand in cyclic simple shear test.”Proc., Int. Symp. on Soils under Cyclic and Transient Loading, G. N. Pande and O. C. Zienkiewicz, eds., A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 9–21.
40.
Woods, R. D. (1991). “Field and laboratory determination of soil properties at low and high strains.”Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Recent Advances in Geotech. Earthquake Engrg. and Soil Dynamics, Vol. 2, Univ. of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Mo., 1727–1741.
41.
Woods, R. D. (1994). “Laboratory measurements of dynamic soil properties.”Dynamic Geotechnical Testing II, ASTM STP 1213, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa., 165–190.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 124 • Issue 7 • July 1998
Pages: 585 - 594
Copyright
Copyright © 1998 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Jul 1, 1998
Published in print: Jul 1998
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.