Damage Analysis of Hanshin Expressway Viaducts during 1995 Kobe Earthquake. I: Residual Inclination of Reinforced Concrete Piers
This article is a reply.
VIEW THE ORIGINAL ARTICLEThis article is a reply.
VIEW THE ORIGINAL ARTICLEThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 10, Issue 1
Abstract
The damage suffered by elevated viaducts of the Hanshin Expressway Kobe Route during the 1995 Kobe earthquake is described with emphasis on reinforced concrete (RC) piers. Although many piers were severely damaged, it is also true that the damage to many piers appeared moderate or even mild. On the other hand, a number of piers suffered from large residual inclination in spite of the apparently light damage. By considering that the large residual inclination of piers included severe earthquake-induced damage, it is pointed out that almost all the RC single piers from P35 to P350 received consistently severe damage. The cause of large residual inclination, especially in apparently nondamaged piers, is studied. A dynamic analysis of a single RC pier is conducted to study the relationship between residual inclination and residual deformation of a pier. As a result, we find that the flexural residual deformation of a pier cannot explain the observed large residual inclination, but it is suggested that the pulling out of reinforcing bar from the footing can be a primary cause of the observed large residual inclination.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers express their sincere thanks to Hanshin Public Expressway Corporation for providing us with useful data and information. Special thanks are given to H. Hayashi, M. Kitazawa, and K. Kosa (Hanshin Expressway Corp.). Professor H. Okamura and Professor K. Maekawa (University of Tokyo) made valuable comments during the study. The simulated ground motions were provided by Professor M. Sugito (University of Gifu) and M. Harada (TEPCO). This research is partially supported by a grant-in-aid from the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports, Japan.
References
Fujino, Y., and Abe, M. (1999). “An analysis of damage to Hanshin elevated expressway during 1995 Hyogoken Nanbu earthquake.” J. Struct. Mech. Earthquake Eng., JSCE, 46(612), 181–199 (in Japanese).
Adachi, Y., and Unjyo, S. (1997). “Evaluation of the performance of the system consist of the foundation and the pier.” Proc., 24th Conf. of Earthquake Engineering, 1061–1064 (in Japanese).
Anaka, T., et al. (1997). “Estimation of the maximum velocity and response spectrum by using the strong motion seismograph of type 87.” Proc., 24th Conf. of Earthquake Engineering, 161–164 (in Japanese).
Association for Development of Earthquake Prediction (ADEP). (1996). “The Hyogoken-Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake: Liquefaction, ground displacement and soil condition in Hanshin area.” Version 1.0 (CD-ROM).
Dhakal, R., and Maekawa, K. (1999). “Post-peak cyclic behavior and ductility of reinforced concrete columns.” Proc., JCI-C51E Seminar on Post Peak Behavior of RC Structures Subjected to Seismic Loads—Recent Advances and Challenging on Analysis and Design, Japan Concrete Institute, Tokyo, 2, 151–170.
Hauke, B., and Maekawa, K. (1999). “Three-dimensional modeling of reinforced concrete with multi-directional cracking.” J. Mater. Concr. Struct. Pavements, JSCE, 45(634), 349–368.
Highway Bridge Association of Japan. (1996). Design standard for highway bridges (in Japanese).
Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE). (1996). “Damage analysis of Kobe earthquake and the evaluation of ductility.” Concrete Engineering Series 12, Tokyo (in Japanese).
Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE). (1996). Rep. on damage during 1995 Kobe earthquake, Tokyo (in Japanese).
Okamura, H., and Maekawa, K. (1991). Nonlinear analysis and constitutive models of reinforced concrete, Gihodo, Tokyo.
Sugito, M., et al. (2000). “Strong motion prediction on rock surface by superposed evolutionary spectra, 12WCEE in Auckland, New Zealand.” (CD-ROM).
Takemura, H., and Kawashima, K. (1997). “The effect of the characteristic of the loading history on the deformability of the reinforced concrete pier.” J. Struct. Eng., JSCE, 43A, 849–858 (in Japanese).
Yamaguchi, N., and Yamazaki, F. (1999). “Estimation of strong motion in the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake based on building damage data.” Proc., Asian-Pacific Symp. on Structural Reliability and Its Applications, Taipei, Taiwan, 478–489.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 10 • Issue 1 • January 2005
Pages: 45 - 53
Copyright
© 2005 ASCE.
History
Received: Aug 16, 2002
Accepted: May 5, 2003
Published online: Jan 1, 2005
Published in print: Jan 2005
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.