Formal Engineering of Residential Buildings
Publication: Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 8, Issue 2
Abstract
The performance of residential buildings during hurricanes is as important as the performance of other buildings. Buildings where people live and where they are likely to be when a hurricane strikes must survive. If this premise is accepted, it follows that residential buildings should be afforded a degree of engineering attention that is commensurate with that given to industrial and commercial buildings. Building code authorities have not been blind to this need. In new procedures adopted for hurricane zones in the United States, common sizes and geometric shapes of timber and masonry residential buildings are formally engineered, and associated construction details are placed into prescriptive codes for use by homebuilders. In this way, these structures can be constructed according to engineering principles but without requiring the formal engineering of individual buildings. While improving the wind resistance of residential buildings to some degree, this change to the homebuilding process is not achieving the desired result. In many instances, homebuilders have retained engineers to certify their designs rather than work with new prescriptive codes whose details vary considerably from traditional construction. For several reasons, these engineers do not design the houses in a formal sense. A review of these new prescriptive codes and their implementation leads to the conclusion that houses which can perform adequately in hurricanes can best be achieved by following design procedures established for other important buildings. This includes the submission of “sealed” drawings that are backed by calculations, and audited through conventional plan-review processes.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA). (1996). Wood frame construction manual for one- and two-family dwellings, High Wind Ed., AF&PA, American Wood Council, Washington, D.C.
ASCE. (1994). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ASCE 7-93, New York.
ASTM. (1997). “Standard test method for performance of exterior windows, curtain walls, doors and storm shutters impacted by missile(s) and exposed to cyclic pressure differentials.” Standard E 1886-97, West Conshohocken, Pa.
ASTM. (1999). “Standard specification for performance of exterior windows, curtain walls, doors and storm shutters impacted by windborne debris in hurricanes.” Standard E 1996-99, West Conshohocken, Pa.
Calaco, J.(2000). “On my mind…” The Times, 31(2), 4.
Conner, C. (1999). “It could happen here.” St. Petersburg Times, June 27, 〈http://www.sptimes.com/Archive/062799/〉.
Darwin Reconstruction Commission. (1976). Darwin area building manual, Darwin, Australia.
Institution of Engineers Australia (IEA). (1974). “Letter to the minister for the northern territory,” Darwin Group, Darwin, Australia.
International Code Council (ICC). (2000a). International Building Code, Falls Church, Va.
International Code Council (ICC). (2000b). International Residential Code for One- and Two-Family Dwellings, Falls Church, Va.
Metro Dade County. (1993). South Florida Building Code, Miami.
Minor, J. E.(1983). “Construction tradition for housing determines disaster potential from severe tropical cyclones.” J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 14, 55–66.
Morse-Fortier, L. J. (1997). “Hurricane Andrew: An argument to abolish prescriptive building codes.” Proc., 1st Conf. on Forensic Engineering, ASCE, New York, 136–144.
Queensland. (1981). Home Building Code Queensland, Appendix 4, Standard Building By-Laws 1975, Queensland Government Printer, Brisbane, Australia.
Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI). (1993). “Standard for hurricane resistant residential construction.” SSTD 10-93, Birmingham, Ala.
Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI). (1994). Standard Building Code, Birmingham, Ala.
Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI). (1999). “Standard for hurricane resistant construction.” SSTD 10-99, Birmingham, Ala.
Texas Catastrophe Property Insurance Association (TCPIA). (1988). Building guidelines manual, Austin, Tex.
Texas Catastrophe Property Insurance Association (TCPIA). (1971). Building Code for Windstorm Resistant Construction, Austin, Tex.
Texas Department of Insurance (TDI). (1998a). “Building code for windstorm resistant construction.” 27 TAC 5.4008, Austin, Tex.
Texas Department of Insurance (TDI). (1998b). “Test for impact and cyclic wind pressure resistance of impact protective systems and exterior opening systems,” Building Code for Windstorm Resistant Construction, 1-98, Appendix E, Austin, Tex.
Walker, G. R. (1975). “Report on Cyclone Tracy—effect on buildings—December 1974.” Dept. of Housing and Construction, Australian Government, Melbourne, Australia.
Walker, G. R. (1991). “The application of wind engineering technology to the mitigation of damage to housing from tropical cyclones—an Australian achievement.” Proc., Int. Conf. on the Impact of Disasters, Univ. of California, Los Angeles.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 2002 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 3, 2001
Accepted: Dec 19, 2001
Published online: May 15, 2002
Published in print: Jun 2002
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.