Unique Effects of Hydrated Lime Filler on the Performance-Related Properties of Asphalt Cements: Physical and Chemical Interactions Revisited
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 17, Issue 2
Abstract
Hydrated lime is evaluated as a filler in bitumen and is compared to similarly sized filler comprised of calcium carbonate, limestone. Extensive laboratory testing is considered, including rheological testing of mastics (with a dynamic shear rheometer, a dynamic mechanical analyzer, and a bending beam rheometer); low temperature elongation and fracture tests on mastics; torsional fatigue testing of mastics; fatigue testing of mixtures; and permanent deformation testing of mixtures. These tests confirm that hydrated lime as a filler significantly impacts the rate and level of microcrack-induced damage, microdamage healing, and plastic and viscoelastic flow in both mastics and mixtures across a wide range of temperatures (from low to high temperatures, representative of the pavement environment). Hypotheses are presented based on rheological models of filled liquids and bitumen microstructure to explain the test results and the fact that the response of hydrated lime as a filler in bitumen requires an understanding of the physical and chemical interactions on both the micro- and nanoscale. Furthermore, the impact of hydrated lime as a filler is dependent on its interaction with a specific bitumen.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Anderson, D. A. (1996). “Influence of fines on performance of asphalt concrete mixtures.” Proc., of 4th Annual Symp., International Center for Aggregates Research, Atlanta.
Bahia, H. U., Anderson, D. A., and Christensen, D. W. (1992). “The bending beam rheometer: a simple device for measuring low-temperature rheology of asphalt binders.” Asphalt Paving Technol., 61, 117–148.
Bhairampally, R. K., Lytton, R. L., and Little, D. N. (2002). “A numerical and graphical method to assess permanent deformation potential for repeated compressive loading of asphalt mixtures.” Transportation Research Record 1723, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 150–158.
Branthaver, J. F. J., et al. (1993). “Binder characterization and evaluation, Volume 2: Chemistry.” Rep. SHRP-A-368, Strategic Highway Research Program, Washington, D.C.
Buttlar, W. G., Bozkurt, D., A-Khateeb, G. G., and Waldorf, A. S. (1999). “Understanding asphalt mastic behavior through micromechanics.” Proc., Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
Craus, J., Ishai, I., and Sides, A. (1978). “Some physico-chemical aspects of the effect and the role of the filler in bituminous paving mixtures.” Proc., Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 47, 558–588.
Elder, A. C., Hatting, M. M., Servas, V. P., and Marais, C. P. (1985). “Use of aging tests to determine the efficiency of hydrated lime additions to asphalt in retarding its oxidative hardening.” Proc., Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 54, 118–139.
Griffith, A. A. (1921). “The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids.” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 221, 163–198.
Heukelom, W., and Wija, P. W. O. (1971). “Viscosity of dispersions governed by concentration and rate of shear.” Asphalt Paving Technol., 40.
Hoffman, P., van Veldhuizen, M., Noor, H., and Smits, R. (1998). Hydroxide in filler, Netherlands Pavement Consultants, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Johansson, L. S. (1998). “Bitumen aging and hydrated lime.” Rep. TRITA-IP FR 98-38, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
Johansson, L. S., Branthaver, J., and Robertson, R. (1995). “A study of rheological properties of lime treated paving asphalts aged at in a pressure aging vessel.” Fuel Sci. Technol. Int., 13(10), 1,317–1,343.
Johansson, L. S., Branthaver, J., and Robertson, R. (1996). “The influence of metal-containing compounds on enhancement and inhibition of asphalt oxidation.” Fuel Sci. Technol. Int., 14(8), 1,143–1,159.
Johansson, L. S., and Isacssom, U. (1996). Influence of testing conditions on the capacity of hydrated lime to inhibit bitumen aging, Division of Highway Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
Kim, Y.-R., Little, D. N., and Song, I. (2003). “Mechanistic evaluation of mineral fillers on fatigue resistance and fundamental material characteristics.” Proc., 82nd Transportation Research Board Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
Lesueur, D., Dekker, D. L., and Planche, J. P. (1995). “Comparison of carbon black from pyrolized tires to other fillers as asphalt rheology modifiers.” Transportation Research Record, 1515, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 47–55.
Lesueur, D., and Little, D. N. (1999). “Effect of hydrated lime on rheology, fracture, and aging of bitumen.” Transportation Research Record, 1661, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 93–105.
Lewis, T. B., and Nielsen, L. E. (1968). “Viscosity of dispersed and aggregated suspensions of spheres.” Trans. Soc. Rheol., 12, 421–443.
Little, D. N. (1996). “Hydrated lime as a multi-functional modifier for asphalt mixtures.” Proc., European Seminar, Lhoist Group, Brussels, Belgium.
Little, D. N., Lytton, R. L., Williams, D., and Chen, W. (2001). “Microdamage healing in asphalt and asphalt concrete. Volume I: Project summary report.” FHWA-RD-98-141, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.
Lytton, R. L., Uzan, J., Fernando, E. G., Roque, R., Hiltunen, D., and Stoffels, S. M. (1993). “Development and validation of performance prediction model and specifications for asphalt binders and paving mixes.” Rep. SHRP-A-357, Strategic Highway Research Program, Washington, D.C.
Mohammad, L., Abadie, C., Gokmen, R., and Puppala, A. (2000). “Mechanistic evaluation of hydrated lime in hot-mix asphalt mixtures.” Transportation Research Record 1723, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 26–36.
Nielsen, L. E. (1970). “Generalized equation for the elastic moduli of composite materials.” J. Appl. Phys., 41, 4626–4627.
Plancher, H., and Petersen, J. C. (1976). “Reduction of oxidative hardening of asphalts by treatment with hydrated lime—a mechanistic study.” Proc., Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 45, 1–24.
Petersen, J. C. (1971). “A thermodynamic study by infrared spectroscopy of the association of 2-quinolone, some carboxylic acids, and the corresponding 2-quinolone-acid dimer.” J. Phys. Chem., 75, 1129–1135.
Petersen, J. C. (1989). “A thin film accelerated aging test for evaluating asphalt oxidative aging.” Asphalt Paving Technol., 58, 220–237.
Petersen, J. C., Branthaver, J. F., Robertson, R. E., Harnsberger, P. M., Duvall, J. J., and Ensley, E. K. (1993). “Effects of physicochemical factors on asphalt oxidation kinetics.” Transportation Research Record 1391, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1–10.
Petersen, J. C., Plancher, H., and Harnsberger, P. M. (1987a). “Lime treatment of asphalts to reduce age hardening and improve flow properties.” Proc., Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 56, 632–653.
Petersen, J. C., Plancher, H., and Harnsberger, P. M. (1987b). “Lime treatment of asphalt.” Final Rep. Prepared for the National Lime Association, Western Research Institute, Laramie, Wyo.
Petersen, J. C., Plancher, H., and Harnsberger, P. M. (1987c). “Lime treatment of asphalt to reduce age hardening and improve flow properties.” Proc., Association of Asphalt Paving Technology, 56, 632–653.
Petersen, J. C., Plancher, H., and Harnsberger, P. M. (1987d). “Lime treatment of asphalt.” Final Rep. Prepared for The National Lime Association, Western Research Institute, Laramie, Wyo.
Reese, R. (1997). “Properties of aged asphalt binder related to asphalt concrete fatigue life.” Asphalt Paving Technol., 66, 604–632.
Rodriquez, M. G., Morrison, G. R., Van Loon, J. R., and Hesp, S. A. M. (1995). “Low-temperature failure in particulate-filled asphalt binders and asphalt concrete mixes.” Asphalt Paving Technol., 69, 159–187.
Rowe, G. M., and Bouldin, M. G. (2000). “Improved techniques to evaluate the fatigue resistance of asphaltic mixes.” Proc., 2nd Enraphalt and Eurobitume Congress, Barcelona, Spain.
Sebaaly, P. E., Hitti, E., and Weitzel, D. (2003). “Effectiveness of lime in hot-mix asphalt pavements.” Transportation Research Record 1832, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 34–41.
Shashidhar, N., Needham, S. P., Chollar, B. H., and Romero, P. (1999). “Prediction of the performance of mineral fillers in stone matrix asphalt.” Asphalt Paving Technol., 68, 222–251.
Shashidhar, N., and Romero, P. (1998). “Factors affecting the stiffening potential of mineral fillers.” Transportation Research Record 1638, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 94–100.
Si, Z. (2001). “Characterization of microdamage and healing of asphalt concrete mixtures.” PhD thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex.
Vanelstralete, A., and Verhasselt, A. (1998). Interpretation Rep. EP 5080, Belgian Road Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium.
Western Research Institute (WRI). (1996). “Fundamental properties of asphalts and modified asphalts, annual technical report.” Contract DTFH61-92C-00170, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.
Wisneski, M. L., Chaffin, J. M., Davison, R. R., Bullin, J. A., and Glover, C. J. (1996). “Use of lime in recycling asphalt.” Transportation Research Record 1535, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 117–123.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2005 ASCE.
History
Received: Oct 13, 2003
Accepted: Aug 4, 2004
Published online: Apr 1, 2005
Published in print: Apr 2005
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Louay N. Mohammad
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.