TECHNICAL PAPERS
May 14, 2004

Steel Slag—Its Production, Processing, Characteristics, and Cementitious Properties

Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 16, Issue 3

Abstract

Steel slag is a byproduct from either the conversion of iron to steel in a basic oxygen furnace, or the melting of scrap to make steel in an electric arc furnace. This paper reviews the production, processing, and characteristics of steel slag, and its use as a cementing component in different cementing systems. The chemical composition and cooling of molten steel slag have a great effect on the physical and chemical properties of solidified steel slag. Steel slag with high basicity and being cooled properly can exhibit cementing property. Ground steel slag has been used in several different cementing systems. The use of steel slag in these cementing systems results in some advantages over conventional cements. At the moment, most steel slag is being used as unbound aggregate for ashphalt concrete pavement in many countries. However, the use of steel slag as a cementing component should be given a priority from technical, economical, and environmental considerations.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

Bin, Q., Wu, X., and Tang, M. (1989). “An investigation on alkali-BFS-steel slag cements.” Proc., 2nd Beijing Int. Symp. on Cements and Concretes, Vol. 2, Beijing, 288–294.
Bin, Q., Wu, X., and Tang, M. (1992). “High strength alkali steel–iron slag binder.” Proc., 9th Int. Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Vol. 3, New Delhi, India, 291–297.
Chinese Academy of Building Materials. (1985). Physical testing methods for cements, 3rd Ed., Chinese Construction Press, Beijing.
Chinese National Standard. (1992). “Steel and iron slag cement.” GB 13590-92, Beijing.
Duda, A.(1987). “Aspect of the sulphate resistance of steelwork slag cements.” Cem. Concr. Res., 17(3), 373–384.
Duda, A.(1989). “Hydraulic reactions of LD steel work slags.” Cem. Concr. Res., 19(5), 793–801.
Emery, J. J., Dresdale, R. G., and Nicholson, P. S. (1973). “Steel slag asphalt mixes.” Proc., 18th Annual Conf. of Canadian Technical Asphalt Association, 59–79.
Geiseler, J.(1996). “Use of steel works slag in Europe.” Waste Manage., 6(1–3), 59–63.
Gluhovsky, V. D., et al. (1980). “High strength slag–alkaline cement.” Proc., 7th Int. Congress on the Chemistry of Cements, Vol. III, Paris, 164–168.
Krivenko, P. V. (1994). “Alkaline cements.” Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Alkaline Cements and Concretes, Ukraine, 11–130.
Lea, F. M. (1974). The chemistry of cement and concrete, 3rd Ed., Edward Arnold, New York.
Li, D., Fu, X., Wu, X., and Tang, M.(1997). “Durability study of steel slag cement.” Cem. Concr. Res., 27(7), 983–987.
Li, D., and Wu, X. (1992). “Improvement of early strength of steel slag cement.” Jiangsu Build. Mater., (4), 24–27 (in Chinese).
Lu, P. (1989). “Formation of microstructure of alkali-BFS-steel slag cement pastes.” Proc., 2nd Beijing Int. Symp. on Cements and Concretes, Vol. 1, Beijing, 339–345.
Malhotra, V. M. (1987). “Properties of fresh and hardened concrete incorporating ground, granulated, blast furnace slag.” Supplementary cementing materials for concrete, V. M. Malhotra, ed., Minister of Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa, 291–336.
Ministry of Metallurgical Industry of China. (1992). “Steel slag for use in cement.” YB/T 022-92, Beijing.
Montgomery, D. G., and Wang, G.(1991). “Instant-chilled steel slag aggregate in concrete–strength related properties.” Cem. Concr. Res., 21(6), 1083–1091.
Pudon, A. O.(1940). “The action of alkalis on blast-furnace slag.” J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 59, 191–202.
Shi, C.(1996). “Strength, pore structure and permeability of high performance alkali-activated slag mortars.” Cem. Concr. Res., 26(12), 1789–1800.
Shi, C. (1999). “Corrosion resistant cement made with steel mill by-products.” Proc., Int. Symp. on the Utilization of Metallurgical Slag, Beijing, 171–178.
Shi, C.(2002). “Characteristics and cementitious properties of ladle slag fines from steel production.” Cem. Concr. Res., 32(3), 459–462.
Shi, C., and Stegemann, J. A.(2000). “Acid corrosion resistance of different cementing materials.” Cem. Concr. Res., 30(6), 803–808.
Shi, C., Wu, X., and Tang, M.(1993). “Research on alkali-activated cementitious systems in China.” Adv. Cem. Res., 5(17), 1–7.
Sun, S., Wang, J., Zu, G., and Li, Y. (1993). “Steel slag cement.” Pretreatment and reclamation of dusts, sludges and scales in steel plants, W.-K. Lu, ed., McMaster University Press, Hamilton, Ont., Canada, 253–260.
Sun, S., and Yuan, Y.(1983). “Study of steel slag cement.” Silic. Ind., 2, 31–34.
Talling, B., and Bradstetr, J. (1989). “Present and future of alkali-activated slag concrete.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag & Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1519–1546.
Tang, M. (1973). “An investigation on mineral composition of steel slag for cement production.” Research Rep., Nanjing Institute of Chemical Technology, Nanjing, China (in Chinese).
Wachsmuth, F., Geiseler, J., Fix, W., Koch, K., and Schwerdtfeger, K. (1980). “Contribution to the structure of BOF-steel slags and its influence in their volume stability.” Proc., of C. I. M. M. Int. Symp. on Metallurgical Slags, Halifax, Canada, 1–18.
Wang, Y., and Lin, D. (1983). “The steel slag blended cement.” Silic. Ind., (6), 121–126.
Wu, X., Zhu, H., Hou, X., and Li, H.(1999). “Study on steel slag and fly ash composite portland cement.” Cem. Concr. Res., 29, 1103–1106.
Ye, G., and Liao, J. (1999). “The slag air-quenching technology.” Proc., Int. Symp. on the Utilization of Metallurgical Slag, Beijing, 434–437.
Zhu, G., and Sun, S. (1999). “Current situation and trend of iron and steel slag utilization in PRC.” Proc., Int. Symp. on the Utilization of Metallurgical Slag, Beijing, 10–15.
Zhu, G., Sun S., Wu, G., and Hu, J. (1989). “Quality of steel slag and assessing method for its cementing property.” Proc., 2nd Int. Symp. on Cement and Concrete, Vol. 2, Beijing, 295–302.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 16Issue 3June 2004
Pages: 230 - 236

History

Received: Nov 27, 2002
Accepted: Jun 23, 2003
Published online: May 14, 2004
Published in print: Jun 2004

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Caijun Shi
CJS Technology Inc., 2116 Upland Dr., Burlington ON, Canada L7M 2Z2.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share