Compression Creep of Pultruded E-Glass-Reinforced-Plastic Angles
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 7, Issue 4
Abstract
Results from an experimental investigation of the compression-creep behavior of thermoset-pultruded fiberglass-reinforced-plastic angle sections are presented. Tests were carried out on three 152 mm (6 in.) angle stubs made of isophtalic polyester resin with 53–59% E-glass fibers in weight. Each stub was instrumented with twelve 5-mm-long gauges in order to assess the variability of the strain measurements on the faces of the shape. Coupon-creep and stub tests were carried out simultaneously, and results of the two series of tests were compared to validate the use of coupon tests to predict creep deformations of full-sized members. The total duration of the tests was 2,500 h in creep and 250 h in creep recovery. Average predictions using Findley's power law with creep parameters determined from the stub tests and coupon tests agree with one another and with the actual creep strain measurements on the stubs. This indicates that there is no real benefit in making detailed creep-strain measurements on stub angles. The creepocity (ratio of creep strain to initial strain) measured on angle stubs is relatively small (14.4% after 2,500 h at a stress level averaging 45% of the proportionality limit) and should not cause geometrical integrity problems at the stress level considered. Finally, Boltzman's superposition principle was used to compare the experimental creep-recovery results with predictions from Findley's model, and agreement was also observed.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Alper, H., Barton, F. W., and McCormick, E. G.(1977). “Optimum design of a reinforced plastic bridge girder.”Comp. and Struct., 7(2), 249–256.
2.
ASCE (ed.) (1984). “Structural plastics design manual.”ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice No. 63, ASCE, New York, N.Y., 199–230.
3.
Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics; ASTM-D638-89. (1989a). ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
4.
Standard test method for compressive properties of rigid plastics; ASTM-D695-89. (1989b). ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
5.
Standard test method for ignition loss of cured reinforced resins; ASTM-D2584-68. (1968). Philadelphia, Pa.
6.
Standard test method for tensile, compressive, and flexural creep and creep-rupture of plastic ; ASTM-D2990-89. (1989c). ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
7.
Standard recommended practice for testing stress-relaxation of plastic; ASTM-D2991-89. (1989d). ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
8.
Standard test method for flexural properties of fiber reinforced pultruded plastic rods; ASTM-D4476-90. (1990). Philadelphia, Pa.
9.
Ballinger, C. (1990). “Structural FRP composites. Civ. Engrg., ASCE, 60(July), 63–67.
10.
Bank, L. C., and Mosallam, A. S. (1990). “Creep and failure of a full-size fibre-reinforced plastic pultruded frame.”Composite Mat. Technol., PD-Vol. 32, 49–56.
11.
Findley, W. N. (1960a). “Mechanism and mechanics of creep of plastics.”SPE J., 16(Jan.), 57–65.
12.
Findley, W. N. (1960b). “Stress relaxation and combined stress creep of plastics.”SPE J., 16(Feb.), 192–196.
13.
Findley, W. N.(1987). “26-year creep and recovery of polyvinylchloride and polyethylene.”Polymer Engrg. and Sci., 27(8), 582–585.
14.
Findley, W. N., and Khosla, G.(1955). “Application of the superposition principle and theories of mechanical equation of state, strain, and time hardening to creep of plastics under changing loads.”J. Appl. Phys., 26(7), 821–832.
15.
Hollaway, L., and Howard, C. (1985). “Some short and long-term loading characteristics of a double layer skeletal structure manufactured from pultruded composites.”Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Composite Struct., Elsevier Applied Sciences, London, England, 788–808.
16.
Holmes, M., and Rahman, T. A.(1980). “Creep behavior of glass reinforced plastic box beams.”Composites, 11(2), 79–85.
17.
Irion, M. N., and Adams, F. D.(1981). “Compression creep testing of unidirectional composite materials.”Composites, 12(2), 117–123.
18.
McClure, G., and Mohammadi, Y. (1993). “Compression creep of pultruded angle sections.”Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on Composite Mat. ( ICCM/9 ), Vol. III, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Madrid, Spain, 729–736.
19.
McCormick, F. C.(1975). “Experimental bridge girder of reinforced plastic.”J. Transp. Engrg., ASCE, 101(1), 47–63.
20.
McCormick, F. C. (1990). “Laboratory fatigue investigation of a GRP bridge.”Proc., ASCE 1st Mat. Engrg., Congr., ASCE, New York, N.Y., 996–1005.
21.
Mohammadi, Y. (1993). “Compression creep measurements in pultruded angle sections made of fibre-glass reinforced plastic,” ME thesis, Dept. of Civ. Engrg. and Appl. Mech., McGill Univ., Montreal, Que., Canada.
22.
Mosallam, A. S., and Bank, L. C. (1991). “Creep and recovery of a pultruded FRP frame.”Proc., Advanced Composites Mat. in Civ. Engrg., ASCE, New York, N.Y., 24–35.
23.
Oplinger, D. W., Plumer, J., and Gandhi, K. R. (1983). “Design, fabrication and testing of a pultruded framework for tent applications.”Proc., 28th Nat., SAMPE Symp., Soc. for the Advancement of Material and Process Engrg. (SAMPE), 1478–1491.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1995 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Nov 1, 1995
Published in print: Nov 1995
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.