Performance Simulation of Nuclear Containments for Security
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 18, Issue 2
Abstract
Under blast loading, nuclear containment structures are subjected to cyclic flexural, axial, and shear forces. Less attention has been paid to modeling the cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete elements in which shear deformations are significant, such as in nuclear containments. Research has demonstrated that the strength of concrete in the principal compression direction is softened by tension in the lateral direction. This interaction has been considered for monotonic loading for many years. To consider this interaction for cyclic loading, the material laws recently derived by Mansour et al. in 2001 for the cyclic softened membrane model (CSMM) can be used. Both fire and explosion effects resulting from blast loading can also be incorporated into the constitutive models of concrete and reinforcing bars. This paper presents a method to implement the CSMM model, so that it can be used to simulate the performance of nuclear containments for security by the design communities.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
ASCE/ACI Committee 447. (1993). “Finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures II.” Proc., Int. Workshop, J. Isenberg, ed., ASCE, New York.
ASCE. (1999). “Seismic analysis of safety-related nuclear structures and commentary.” ASCE 4-98, ASCE, Reston, Va.
ASCE Task Committee on Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures. (1982). Finite element analysis of reinforced concrete, ASCE, New York.
Aoyama, H., Shiohara, H., Hosokawa, Y., and Yamamoto, T. (1985). “Study on the Earthquake Strengthening Method. 1: Reinforced Concrete Shear Tests),” Summaries of technical papers of annual meeting, Architectural Institute of Japan.
Ayoub, A., and Filippou, F.(1998). “Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC shear panels and walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 124(3), 298–308.
Barda, F., Hanson, J. M., and Corley, W. G. (1976). “Shear strength of low-rise walls with boundary elements.” Publication RDO43D, Portland Cement Association.
Belarbi, A., and Hsu, T. T. C.(1994). “Constitutive laws of concrete in tension and reinforcing bars stiffened by concrete.” Struct. J. Am. Concr. Inst., 91(4), 465–474.
Belarbi, A., and Hsu, T. T. C.(1995). “Constitutive laws of softened concrete in biaxial tension-compression.” Struct. J. Am. Concr. Inst., 92(5), 562–573.
Belytschko, T., Liu, W. K., and Moran, B. (2000). Nonlinear finite elements for continua and structures, Wiley, New York.
Bischoff, P. H., and Perry, S. H.(1991). “Compressive behavior of concrete at high strain rates.” Mater. Struct., RILEM, 24, 425–450.
Bolander, J. E., and Wight, J. K. (1989). “Toward realistic FE models for reinforced concrete shear wall dominant buildings subjected to lateral loadings.” Rep. No. UMCE89-2, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich, 192.
British Standards Institution. (1976). “Fire tests on building materials structures Part 8: Test methods and criteria for the fire resistance of elements of building construction.” BS 476, London.
Choi, O. C., Hadje-Ghaffari, H., Darwin, D., and McCabe, S. L.(1991). “Bond strength of epoxy-coated reinforcement: Bar parameters.” Mater. J. Am. Concr. Inst., 88(2), 207–217.
Chopra, A. K. (1995). Dynamics of structures, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J.
Comite Euro-International du Beton (CEB). (1988). “Concrete structures under impact and impulsive loading.” Synthesis Rep., Bulletin d’Information No. 187, Lausanne.
Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique CAMUS. (2001). “CAMUS III international benchmark, workshop on seismic loading effects on structural walls.” Electricité de France, ENS Cachan, France.
de Borest, R., and Nauta, P.(1985). “Non-orthogonal cracks in a smeared finite element model.” Eng. Comput., 2, 23–46.
Farrar, C. R., and Baker, W. E.(1995). “Damping in low-aspect-ratio, reinforced concrete shear walls.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 24(3), 439–455.
Fenves, G. L. (2001). “Workshop on open system for earthquake engineering simulation.” Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif.
Habasaki, A., Nishikawa, T., Takiguchi, K., Kitada, Y., and Torita, H. (1999). “Multi-axial loading test for RC wall of reactor building.” 15th Int. Conf. on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMIRT-15), Seoul, Korea, VI-107–VI-114.
Holmes, M., Anchor, R. D., Cook, G. M. E., and Crook, R. N.(1982). “The effects of elevated temperature on the strength properties of reinforcing and prestressing steels.” Struct. Eng., 60B(1), 7–13.
Hsu, T. T. C., and Zhang, L. X.(1996). “Tension stiffening in reinforced concrete membrane elements.” Struct. J. Am. Concr. Inst., 93(1), 108–115.
Hsu, T. T. C., and Zhang, L. X.(1997). “Nonlinear analysis of membrane elements by fixed-angle softened-truss model.” Struct. J. Am. Concr. Inst., 94(5), 483–492.
Hsu, T. T. C., and Zhu, R. H. (1999). “Post-yield behavior of reinforced concrete membrane elements-The Hsu/Zhu ratios.” Proc., Volume, US-Japan Joint Seminar on Post-Peak Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Loads Recent Advances and Challenges on Analysis and Design, Tokyo/Lake Yamanaka, Japan, Vol. 1, 43–60.
Hsu, T. T. C., Mansour, M. Y., Mo, Y. L., and Zhong, J. (2003). “Cycled softened menbrane model for nonlinear finite element analysis of concrete structures.” Proc., US–Japan–Europe Workshop on FEARCS, Maui, Hawaii.
Inoue, N., and Suzuki, N. (1992). “Microscopic and macroscopic analysis of reinforced concrete framed shear walls.” Concrete shear in earthquake, Proc., Int. Workshop on Concrete Shear in Earthquake, Elsevier, London, 333–342.
Izumo, J., Shin, H., Maekawa, K., and Okamura, H. (1992). “An analytical model for RC panels subjected to in-plane stresses.” Concrete Shear in Earthquake, Proc., Int. Workshop on Concrete Shear in Earthquake, Elsevier, London, 206–215.
Krauthammer, T. (1994). “Workshop on structural concrete slabs under impulsive loads.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Structures under Shock and Impact, Madrid, Spain, 99–106.
Lie, T. T., Rowe, T. J., and Lin, T. D. (1986). “Residual strength of fire-exposed reinforced concrete column.” ACI Special Publication SP 92-9, 153–174.
Liu, G. Q., and Owen, D. R. J.(1986). “Ultimate load behavior of reinforced concrete plates and shells under dynamic transient loading.” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., 22, 189–208.
Low, H. Y., and Hao, H.(2002). “Reliability analysis of direct shear and flexural failure modes of RC slabs under explosive loading.” Eng. Struct., 24, 189–198.
Malhotra, H. L.(1982). “Design of fire resisting structures.” Concr. Int.: Des. Constr., Oct., 10, 17–19.
Mansour, M. (2001). “Behavior of reinforced concrete membrane elements under cyclic shear: Experiments to theory.” PhD dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Houston, Houston.
Mansour, M., Lee, J. Y., and Hsu, T. T. C.(2001). “Cyclic stress-strain curves of concrete and steel bars in membrane elements.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(12), 1402–1411.
Mansur, M. A., Balendra, T., and H’ng, S. C. (1992). “Tests on reinforced concrete low-rise shear walls under cyclic loading.” Concrete shear in earthquake, Proc., Int. Workshop on Concrete Shear in Earthquake, January 14–16, 1991, Houston, Elsevier, London, 95–104.
Mills, C. A. (1987). “The design of concrete structures to resist explosions and weapon effects.” Proc., 1st Int. Conf. for Hazard Protection, Edinburgh.
Mo, Y. L. (1994). Dynamic behavior of concrete structures, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Mo, Y. L., and Kuo, J. Y.(1998a). “Experimental studies on low-rise structural walls.” Mater. Struct., RILEM, 31, 465–472.
Mo, Y. L., and Kuo, C. J.(1998b). “Structural behavior of reinforced concrete frame-wall components.” Mater. Struct., RILEM, 31, 609–615.
Mo, Y. L., and Lee, Y. C.(2000). “Experimental studies on low-rise structural walls with various sections.” Mag. Concrete Res., 52(3), 177–184.
Mo, Y. L., and Rothert, H.(1997). “Effect of softening models on behavior of reinforced concrete framed shearwalls.” ACI Struct. J., 94(6), 730–744.
Noguchi, H., (1992). “State-of-the-art of theoretical studies on membrane shear behavior in Japan.” Concrete shear in earthquake, (Proc., Int. Workshop on Concrete Shear in Earthquake, Jan. 14–16, 1991, Houston), Elsevier, London, 196–205.
Noguchi, H., and Inoue, N. (1983). “Analytical techniques of shear in reinforced concrete structures by finite element method.” Proc., JCI colloquium on shear analysis of RC structures, Japan Concrete Institute (C4E), 57–96.
Nuclear Power Engineering Corporation (NUPEC). (1994). “Seismic shear walls ISP on NUPEC’s seismic ultimate dynamic response test.” Rep. No. NU-SSWISP-D008, D009, D0010, D0011, Seismic Engineering Center, Tokyo, Japan. (Reports were prepared for the Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations, Nuclear Energy Agency, OECD.)
Pang, X. B., and Hsu, T. T. C.(1995). “Behavior of reinforced concrete membrane elements in shear.” Struct. J. Am. Concr. Inst., 92(6), 665–679.
Pang, X. B., and Hsu, T. T. C.(1996). “Fixed-angle softened-truss model for reinforced concrete.” Struct. J. Am. Concr. Inst., 93(2), 197–207.
Polak, M. A., and Vecchio, F. J.(1993). “Nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete shells.” J. Struct. Eng., 119(12), 3439–3462.
Rots, J. G., Nauta, P., Kusters, G. M. A., and Blaawendraad, J.(1985). “Smeared crack approach and fracture localization in concrete.” Heron, 30(1), 1–48.
Saatcioglu, M., Wasiewicz, Z. F., Pilette, C. F., and Wiradinata, S. (1990). “Tests of low-rise shear walls under simulated seismic loading.” Research Report, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa.
SAP2000 (2002). “Integrated finite element analysis and design of structures.” Computers and Structures, Inc., Berkeley, Calif.
Schnobrich, W. C. (1996). “Behavior of reinforced concrete members by finite element.” Proc., 3rd Asian-Pacific Conf. on Computational Mechanics, Seoul, Korea, 3–14.
Selby, R. G., and Vecchio, F. J. (1993). “Three dimensional constitutive relations for reinforced concrete.” Rep. No. 93-02, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto.
Shin, H., Maekawa, K., and Okamura, H. (1992). “Analytical models for reinforced concrete shear walls under reversed cyclic loading.” Concrete shear in earthquake (Proc., Int. Workshop on Concrete Shear in Earthquake, Jan. 14–16, 1991, Houston), Elsevier, London, 289–298.
Shipment, J. M., and Gerstle, K. H.(1979). “Bond deterioration in concrete panels under load cycles.” J. Am. Concr. Inst., 76(2), 311–325.
Sittipunt, C., and Wood, S. L. (1993). “Finte element analysis of reinforced concrete shear walls.” Civil engineering studies, structural research series No. 584 (UILU-ENG-93-2015), Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.
Sittipunt, C., Wood, S., Lukkunaprasit, P., and Pattararattanakul, P.(2001). “Cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete structural walls with diagonal web reinforcement.” ACI Struct. J., 98(4), 554–562.
Stevens, N. J., Uzumeri, S. M., and Collins, M. P. (1987). “Analytical modeling of reinforced concrete subjected to monotonic and reversed cyclic loadings.” Publication No. 87-1, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto.
Stevens, N. J., Uzumeri, S. M., Collins, M. P., and Will, T. G.(1991a). “Constitutive model for reinforced concrete finite element analysis.” Struct. J. Am. Concr. Inst., 88, 49–59.
Stevens, N. J., Uzumeri, S. M., and Collins, M. P.(1991b). “Reinforced concrete subjected to reversed cyclic shear: Experiments and constitutive model.” Struct. J. Am. Concr. Inst., 88, 135–146.
The Concrete Society. (1990). “Assessment and repair of fire-damaged concrete structures.” Technical Rep. No. 33, Report of a concrete society working party.
Tovey, A. K. (1986). “Assessment and repair of fire-damaged concrete structures—An update.” ACI Special Publication SP 92-4, 47–62.
Vecchio, F. J.(1989). “Nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete membranes.” Struct. J. Am. Concr. Inst., 86(1), 26–35.
Vecchio, F. J.(1990). “Reinforced concrete membrane element formulations.” J. Struct. Eng., 116(3), 730–750.
Vecchio, F. J.(2000). “Disturbed stress field model for reinforced concrete: Formulation.” J. Struct. Eng., 126(9), 1070–1077.
Vecchio, F. J.(2001). “Disturbed stress field model for reinforced concrete: Implementation.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(1), 12–20.
Vecchio, F., and Collins, M. P. (1981). “Stress-strain characteristic of reinforced concrete in pure shear.” IABSE colloquium, advanced mechanics of reinforced concrete, Delft, Final Rep., International Association of Bridge and Structural Engineering, Zurich, Switzerland, 221–225.
Vecchio, F. J., and Collins, M. P. (1982). “Response of reinforced concrete to in plane shear and normal stresses.” Rep. No. 82-03, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Vecchio, F. J., and Collins, M. P.(1986). “The modified compression field theory for reinforced concrete elements subjected to shear.” ACI J., 83(2), 219–231.
Vecchio, F. J., and Collins, M. P.(1988). “Predicting the response of reinforced concrete beams subjected to shear using modified compression field theory.” Struct. J. Am. Concre. Inst., 84, 258–267.
Vecchio, F. J., Lai, D., Shim, W., and Ng, J.(2001). “Disturbed stress field model for reinforced concrete: Validation.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(4), 350–358.
Zhang, L. X., and Hsu, T. T. C.(1998). “Behavior and analysis of 100 MPa concrete membrane elements.” J. Struct. Eng., 124(1), 24–34.
Zhu. R. H. (2000). “Softened membrane model for reinforced concrete elements considering Poisson effect.” PhD dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Houston, Houston.
Zhu, R. H., Hsu, T. T. C., and Lee, J. Y.(2001). “Rational shear modulus for smeared crack analysis of reinforced concrete.” Struct. J. Am. Concr. Inst., 98(4), 443–450.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 18 • Issue 2 • May 2004
Pages: 107 - 115
Copyright
Copyright © 2004 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 8, 2002
Accepted: May 28, 2003
Published online: Apr 15, 2004
Published in print: May 2004
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.