TECHNICAL PAPERS
Sep 1, 2008

Cyclic Response of Reinforced Concrete Members at Low Temperatures

Publication: Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 22, Issue 3

Abstract

An experimental study was undertaken to investigate the influence of cold temperatures on the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete members. This paper summarizes the results of Phase I of a multiphase research project that consisted of the reversed cyclic testing of four identical large scale reinforced concrete circular columns subjected to temperatures ranging from 40°C (40°F) to 20°C (68°F) . An extensive literary review is also presented. It was found that most of the past research focused on the material level, i.e., the independent behavior of plain concrete and reinforcing bars. Data collected from past works were complemented with the results obtained from the material tests performed in this research, and used to develop empirical equations for the estimation of the mechanical properties of concrete and steel reinforcement at low temperature. Past research shows an increase in strength without any loss in the deformation capacity of plain concrete and reinforcing steel bars tested at low temperatures. The results of this study show a reduction in the displacement capacity of reinforced concrete members tested at freezing temperatures.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Acknowledgments

The research described in this paper was supported by the Alaska Department of Transportation and the Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering at North Carolina State University. The writers would like to thank the technical staff of the N.C. State Constructed Facilities Laboratory, especially the efforts of Jerry Atkinson and Bill Dunleavy, without whom this work would not have been possible.

References

American Concrete Institute (ACI). (2005). “Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary.” ACI 318-05, Farmington Hills, Mich.
Berner, D., Gerwick, B. C., and Polivka, M. (1985). “Static and cyclic behavior of structural lightweight concrete at cryogenic temperatures.” Temperature effects on concrete, ASTM STP 858, 21–37.
Brown, J., and Kunnath, S. K. (2004). “Low-cycle fatigue failure of reinforcing steel bars.” ACI Mater. J., 101(6), 457–466.
Browne, R. D., and Bamforth, P. B. (1981). “The use of concrete for cryogenic storage: A summary of research, past, and present.” Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Cryogenic Concrete, The Concrete Society, Newcastle Upon Tyne, London, 135–166.
Cantin, R., and Pigeon, M. (1998). “Durability and mechanical properties at low temperatures of steel-fiber reinforced concrete.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Concrete under Severe Conditions, E & FN SPON, London, 1761–1770.
Concrete Societies of the Netherlands and the U.K. (1983). Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Cryogenic Concrete, The Concrete Society, Amsterdam.
Dubey, A., and Banthia, N. (1998). “Influence of subzero temperature on fracture properties of plain and synthetic fiber reinforced concretes.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Concrete under Severe Conditions, E & FN SPON, London, 1798–1808.
El-Bahy, A., Kunnath, S. K., Stone, W. C., and Taylor, A. W. (1999). “Cumulative seismic damage of circular bridge columns: Benchmark and low-cycle fatigue test.” ACI Struct. J., 96(4), 633–643.
Elices, M. (1987). “Cryogenic prestressed concrete: Fracture aspects.” Theor Appl. Mech., 7, 51–63.
Elices, M., Corres, H., and Planas, J. (1986). “Behavior at cryogenic temperatures of steel for concrete reinforcement.” ACI Struct. J., 83(3), 405–411.
Elices, M., and Planas, J. (1982). “Measurement of tensile strength of concrete at very low temperatures.” ACI Struct. J., 79(3), 195–200.
Eranti, E., and Lee, G. C. (1986). Cold region structural engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Filiatrault, A., and Holleran, M. (2001). “Stress-strain behavior of reinforcing steel and concrete under seismic strain rates and low temperatures.” Mater. Struct., 34(5), 235–239.
Goto, Y., and Miura, T. (1979). “Experimental studies on properties of concrete cooled to about minus 160°C .” Technol. Rep., Tohoku Univ., 44(2), 357–385.
Jacobsen, L. S. (1930). “Steady forced vibrations as influenced by damping.” Trans. ASME, 52(1), 169–181.
Kasami, H., Tanaka, Y., Kishima, Y., and Yamane, S. (1981). “Properties of concrete at very low temperatures.” Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Cryogenic Concrete, The Concrete Society, Newcastle Upon Tyne, London, 123–134.
Lee, G. C., Shih, T. S., and Chang, K. C. (1988a). “Mechanical properties of concrete at low temperature.” J. Cold Reg. Eng., 2(1), 13–24.
Lee, G. C., Shih, T. S., and Chang, K. C. (1988b). “Mechanical properties of high-strength concrete at low temperature.” J. Cold Reg. Eng., 2(4), 169–178.
Mander, J. B., Panthaki, F. D., and Kasalanati, A. (1994). “Low-cycle fatigue behavior of reinforcing steel.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 6(4), 453–468.
Mander, J. B., Priestley, M. J. N., and Park, R. (1988). “Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete.” J. Struct. Eng., 114(8), 1804–1826.
Marshall, A. L. (1982). “Cryogenic concrete.” Cryogenics, 22(11), 555–565.
Maturana, P., Planas, J., and Elices, M. (1990). “Evolution of fracture behavior of saturated concrete in the low temperature range.” Eng. Fract. Mech., 35(4/5), 827–834.
Montejo, L. A., and Kowalsky, M. J. (2007). “CUMBIA—Set of codes for the analysis of reinforced concrete members.” CFL Technical Rep. No. IS-07-01, Dept. of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, N.C.
Moyer, M. J., and Kowalsky, M. J. (2003). “Influence of tension strain on buckling of reinforcement in concrete columns.” ACI Struct. J., 100(1), 75–85.
Nasser, K. W., and Evans, G. A. (1973). “Low temperature effects on hardened air entrained concrete.” Behavior of concrete under temperature extremes, ACI SP-39, 79–90.
National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). (2007). “Climate maps of the United States.” ⟨http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/climaps/climaps.pl⟩ (Sept. 10, 2007).
Ohlsson, U., Daerga, P. A., and Elfgren, L. (1990). “Fracture energy and fatigue strength of unreinforced concrete beams at normal and low temperatures.” Eng. Fract. Mech., 35(1/2/3), 195–203.
Okada, T., and Iguro, M. (1978). “Bending behavior of prestressed concrete beams under low temperatures.” J. Jpn. Prestressed Concr. Eng. Assoc., 20(8), 15–17.
Paulay, T., and Priestley, M. J. N. (1992). Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings, Wiley, New York.
Priestley, M. J. N., Calvi, G. M., and Kowalsky, M. J. (2007). Direct displacement based seismic design of structures, IUSS Press, Pavia, Italy.
Priestley, M. J. N., and Park, R. (1987). “Strength and ductility of concrete bridge columns under seismic loading.” ACI Struct. J., 4(1), 61–76.
Rostàsy, F. S., and Sprenger, H. (1984). “Strength and deformation of steel fibre reinforced concrete at very low temperature.” Int. J. Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, 6(1), 47–51.
Rostàsy, F. S., and Wiedemann, G. (1980). “Stress strain behavior of concrete at extremely low temperature.” Cem. Concr. Res., 10(4), 565–572.
Sehnal, Z. A., Kronen, H., and Marshall, A. L. (1983). “Factors influencing the low temperature strength of concrete.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Cryogenic Concrete, The Concrete Society, Amsterdam, 63–74.
Shih, T. S., Lee, G. C., and Chang, K. C. (1988). “High-strength concrete-steel bond behavior at low temperature.” J. Cold Reg. Eng., 2(4), 157–168.
Sloan, J. E. (2005). “The seismic behavior of reinforced concrete members at low temperature.” MS thesis, Dept. of Civil Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, N.C.
Suleiman, M. T., Sritharan, S., and White, D. (2006). “Cyclic lateral load response of bridge column foundation soil systems in freezing conditions.” J. Struct. Eng., 132(11), 1745–1754.
United States Geological Survey (USGS). (2007). “Damaging earthquakes in the United States.” ⟨http://www.earthquake.usgs.gov./regional/states/us_damage_eq.php⟩ (Sept. 10, 2005).
Vandewalle, L. (1995). “Bond between a reinforcement bar and concrete at low temperatures.” Proc., Int. Conf. Concrete under Severe Conditions, E & FN SPON, London, 1590–1599.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 22Issue 3September 2008
Pages: 79 - 102

History

Received: Jun 18, 2007
Accepted: Nov 28, 2007
Published online: Sep 1, 2008
Published in print: Sep 2008

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Luis A. Montejo, S.M.ASCE [email protected]
Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695. E-mail: [email protected]
John E. Sloan, A.M.ASCE johṉ[email protected]
Structures Group, URS Corp., 1600 Perimeter Park Dr., Ste. 400, Morrisville, NC 27560. E-mail: johṉ[email protected]
Mervyn J. Kowalsky, A.M.ASCE [email protected]
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695. E-mail: [email protected]
Tasnim Hassan, A.M.ASCE [email protected]
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695. E-mail: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share