Review of Alluvial-channel Responses to River Ice
Publication: Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 16, Issue 4
Abstract
The extent to which alluvial channels respond to ice-cover formation, presence, and breakup is not well understood. Some responses are well known and observed, such as increased flow stage or localized scour beneath the toe of an ice jam. Other responses are known in concept, such as altered bedform geometry, but are not well documented. Some potential responses are barely recognized, such as channel-thalweg adjustment. Many responses are temporal, such as the channel readjusting itself once ice is gone. A few responses may have a more enduring impact, such as a meander-loop cutoff. Most responses have not been investigated rigorously. The responses affect the full gamut of relationships between flow discharge and stage, macroturbulence structures, sediment-transport and mixing processes, and alluvial-channel stability. Of importance are the relative scales of length and time associated with ice-cover formation, presence and breakup, and a channel’s facility to respond to ice. This paper reviews alluvial-channel responses to ice formation, and raises practical engineering issues stemming from them.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Ashton, G., ed. (1986). River ice engineering, Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colo.
Beltaos, S. (1995). River ice jams, Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colo.
Bird, J. B. (1974). “Chapter 12(A): Geomorphic processes in the Arctic.” Arctic and alpine environments, J. D. Ives and R. G. Barry, eds., Methuen, London, 703–720.
Blench, T. (1986). Mechanics of plains rivers, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada.
Colby, B. R., and Scott, C. H. (1965). “Effects of temperature on discharge of bed material.” USGS Professional Paper 462-G, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Collinson, J. D.(1971). “Some effects of ice on a river bed.” J. Sediment. Petrol., 2, 557–564.
Doyle, P. F.(1988). “Damage from a sudden river ice breakup.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 15, 609–615.
Dupre, W. R., and Thompson, R. (1979). “The Yukon Delta: A model for deltaic sedimentation in an ice-dominated environment.” 11th Annual Offshore Technology Conf., 657–664.
Eardley, A. J.(1938). “Yukon channel shifting.” Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 49, 343–358.
Einstein, H. A. (1950). “The bedload function for sediment transportation in open channels.” Tech. Bull. 1026, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Einstein, H. A., and Barbarossa, N. (1952). “River channel roughness.” Transactions, ASCE, New York, 117 (2528).
Engelund, F., and Hansen, E. (1967). Monograph on sediment transport in alluvial streams, Teknisk Forlag, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Ettema, R., Braileanu, F., and Muste, M.(2000). “Method for estimating sediment transport in ice-covered channels.” J. Cold Reg. Eng., 14(3), 130–144.
Ettema, R., Muste, M., and Coleman, S. (1999). “Flume notes on sediment transport and boil formation in ice-covered channels.” Proc., XXVIIIth IAHR Congress, International Association for Hydraulic Research, Delft, The Netherlands.
Gatto, L. W. (1995). “Soil freeze-thaw effects on bank erodibility and stability.” Special Rep. 95-24, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, N.H.
Hamelin, L.-E.(1979). “The bechevnik: A river bank feature from Siberia.” The Musk Ox, 25, 70–72.
Ho, P. Y. (1939). “Dependence of bedload movement on grain shape and water temperature.” Mitteilungen der Preusssischen Versuchsanstalt fuer Wasser-, Erd-, und Schiffbau, 39.
Hong, R.-J., Karim, M. F., and Kennedy, J. F.(1984). “Low-temperature effects on flow in sand-bed streams.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 110(2), 109–125.
Huang, J.(1981). “Experimental study of settling properties of cohesive sediment in still water.” J. Sediment Res., 2, 30–42.
Kellerhals, R., and Church, M.(1980). “Comment on ‘Effects of channel enlargement by river ice processes on bankfull discharge in Alberta, Canada,’ by D. G. Smith.” Water Resour. Res., 16(6), 1131–1134.
Kempema, E. W., Reimnitz, E., Clayton, J. R., and Payne, J. R.(1993). “Interactions of frazil and anchor ice with sedimentary particles in a flume.” Cold Region Sci. Technol., 21, 137–149.
Kempema, E. W., Reimnitz, E., and Hunter, R. E. (1986). “Flume studies and field observations of the interaction of frazil ice and anchor ice with sediments.” Open-file Rep. 86-515, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif.
Kerr, D. J., Shen, H. T., and Daly, S. F. (1998). “Evolution and hydraulic resistance of anchor ice on gravel beds.” Proc., Int. Association for Hydraulic Research, 14th Ice Symp., Delft, The Netherlands, 703–710.
Lane, E. W. (1957). “A study of the shape of channels formed by natural streams flowing in erodible material.” Missouri River Series Rep. No. 9, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Div., Omaha, Neb.
Lane, E. W., Carlson, E. J., and Hanson, O. S.(1949). “Low temperature increase in sediment transportation in Colorado River.” Civil Engineer, 19, 619–621.
Mackay, D. K., Sherstone, D. A., and Arnold, K. C. (1974). “Channel ice effects and surface water velocities from aerial photography of MacKenzie River break-up.” Hydrological aspects of northern pipeline development, Rep. No. 74-12, Task Force on Northern Oil Development, Environmental-Social Program, Northern Pipelines, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada.
Mackay, J. R., and Mackay, D. K.(1977). “The stability of ice-push features, Mackenzie River, Canada.” Can. J. Earth Sci., 14(10), 2213–2225.
Marcotte, N. (1984). “Anchor ice in Lachine Rapids: Results of observations and analysis.” Proc., IAHR Symp. on Ice, 1, International Association for Hydraulic Research, Delft, The Netherlands, 151–159.
Marusenko, Y. I.(1956). “The action of ice on river banks.” Priroda, 45(12), 91–93.
Meyer-Peter, E., and Mueller, R. (1948). “Formulas for bed-load transport.” Paper No. 2, Proc., 2nd Meeting, International Association for Hydraulic Research, Delft, The Netherlands, 39–64.
Milburn, D., and Prowse, T. D. (1998). “The role of an ice cover on sediment transport and deposition in a northern delta.” Proc., IAHR Ice Symp., International Association for Hydraulic Research, Delft, The Netherlands.
Neill, C. R. (1976). “Scour holes in a wandering gravel river.” Proc., Symp. on Inland Waterways for Navigation, Flood Control, and Water Diversions, 3rd Annual Conf. of ASCE Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engineering Div., New York, 1301–1317.
Neill, C. R. (1982). “Hydrologic and hydraulic studies for northern pipelines.” Proc., Canadian Society of Civil Engineering Annual Conf., Montreal.
Nezhikovskiy, R. A.(1964). “Coefficients of roughness of bottom surface of slush ice cover.” Transactions, State Hydrologic Institute, 110, 54–82.
Prowse, T. D.(1993). “Suspended sediment concentration during river ice breakup.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 20, 872–875.
Prowse, T. D.(2001). “River-ice ecology. I: Hydrologic, geomorphic, and water-quality aspects.” J. Cold Reg. Eng., 15(1), 1–16.
Raudkivi, A. J., and Hutchinson, D. L. (1974). “Erosion of kaolinite clay by flowing water.” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 537–554.
Schumm, S. A., and Khan, H. R.(1972). “Experimental study of channel patterns.” Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 83, 1755–1770.
Smith, D. G.(1979). “Effects of channel enlargement by river ice processes on bankfull discharge in Alberta, Canada.” Water Resour. Res., 15(2), 469–475.
Straub, L. G. (1955). “Effect of water temperature on suspended sediment load in an alluvial river.” Proc., 6th General Meeting of IAHR, International Association for Hydraulic Research, Delft, The Netherlands, D25-1–D25-5.
Taylor, B. D., and Vanoni, V.(1972). “Temperature effects in low-transport, flat-bed flows.” J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 98(8), 1427–1445.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE). (1983). “Galena streambank protection.” Galena, Alaska Section 14 Reconnaissance Rep., Alaska District, Anchorage, Alaska.
Uunila, L. S. (1997). “Effects of river ice on bank morphology and riparian vegetation along the Peace River, Clayhurst to Fort Vermilion.” Proc., 9th Workshop on River Ice, 315–334.
Wentworth, C. K. (1932). “The geologic work of ice jams in sub-Arctic river.” Contributions in geology and geography, Washington University studies, science and technology No. 7, L. F. Thomas, ed., Washington Univ., St. Louis, 49–82.
Wuebben, J. L. (1988a). “Effects of an ice cover on flow in a movable bed channel.” Proc., IAHR Symp. on Ice, International Association for Hydraulic Research, Delft, The Netherlands, 136–147.
Wuebben, J. L. (1988b). “A preliminary study of scour under an ice jam.” Proc., 5th Workshop on Hydraulics of River Ice/Ice Jams, 177–190.
Wuebben, J. L. (1995). “Chapter 31: Ice effects on riprap.” River, coastal and shoreline protection: Erosion control using riprap and armourstone, C. R. Thorne, S. Abt, S. T. Barends, and K. W. Pilarczyk, eds., Wiley, New York.
Yalin, M. S. (1992). River mechanics, Pergamon, Tarrytown, N.Y.
Zabilansky, L. J., Ettema, R. J., Wuebben, J., and Yankielun, N. E. (2002). “Survey of river-ice influences on channel bathymetry along the Fort Peck Reach of the Missouri River: Winter 1998–1999.” Contract Rep., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, N.H.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 16 • Issue 4 • December 2002
Pages: 191 - 217
Copyright
Copyright © 2002 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 2, 2001
Accepted: Mar 21, 2002
Published online: Nov 15, 2002
Published in print: Dec 2002
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.