Fatigue Behavior of Cantilever Beams of Saline Ice
Publication: Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 11, Issue 2
Abstract
A series of in-situ flexural strength and cyclic stress tests were carried out on laboratory-prepared NaCl ice beams, whose average growth rates exceeded those of sea ice. The flexural strengths were all found to be within the accepted range for sea ice, with those beams grown at the slowest rate being strongest, confirming our use of NaCl ice as a sea ice analog. The direction of loading had no observable effect on either the flexural strength or the tangent modulus. An S-N diagram showed no evidence of a fatigue limit nor any significant difference for two different loading frequencies (0.11 and 0.06 Hz). There was no significant dependence of N on porosity of the ice. Loss tangents were typically in the range 0.15–0.25, remaining relatively constant over the duration of the test. The tangent modulus showed considerable variation over the beam population as a whole, and for individual beams decreased steadily over the duration of the test. The loss tangent and tangent modulus showed transient effects for some beams and not others.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Cole, D. M. (1990a). “Reversed direct-stress testing of ice: initial experimental results and analysis.”Cold regions science and technology, Elsevier Science Publishers BV (North-Holland), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 18, 303–321.
2.
Cole, D. M. (1990b). “Cyclic loading of saline ice: initial experimental results.”Proc., 9th Int. Conf. of Offshore Mech. for Arctic Engrg., ASME, New York, N.Y., 265–271.
3.
Cole, D. M. (1993). “The effect of creep on the constitutive behavior of saline ice at low strains.”Ice mechanics, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, N.Y., AMD Vol. 163, 261–271.
4.
Cox, G. F. N., and Weeks, W. F. (1982). “Equations for determining the gas and brine volumes in sea ice samples.”Rep. 82-30, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), Hanover, N.H.
5.
Cox, G. F. N., and Weeks, W. F. (1988). “Profile properties of undeformed first-year sea ice.”Rep. 88-13, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), Hanover, N.H.
6.
Frederking, R. M. W., and Timco, G. W. (1983). “On measuring flexural properties of ice using cantilever beams.”Annals of glaciology, International Glaciological Society, Cambridge, England, Vol. 4, 58–65.
7.
Haskell, T. G., Robinson, W. H., and Langhorne, P. J. (1996). “Preliminary results from cyclic tests on in situ sea ice beams.”Cold regions science and technology, Elsevier Science Publishers BV (North-Holland), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 24, 167–176.
8.
Hausler, F. U. (1989). “Formulae for total porosity evaluation on sodium chloride ice and urea doped ice.”Cold regions science and technology, Elsevier Science Publishers BV (North-Holland), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 16, 83–87.
9.
Haynes, F. D., Arnold, D. K., and Martinson, C. R. (1993). “Effect of fatigue on the bearing capacity of floating ice sheets.”Cold regions science and technology, Elsevier Science Publishers BV (North-Holland), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 21, 257–263.
10.
Kerr, A. D., and Haynes, F. D. (1987). “The effect of oscillatory loads on the bearing capacity of floating ice covers.”Cold regions science and technology, Elsevier Science Publishers BV (North-Holland), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 13, 219–224.
11.
Kerr, A. D., and Palmer, W. T.(1972). “The deformations and stresses in floating ice plates.”Acta Mechanica, Altenburg, Germany, 15, 57–72.
12.
Langhorne, P. J., Tan, M. F., and Russell, B. D. (1993). “Preliminary measurements of acoustic emission in young artificial sea ice.”Proc., ISOPE-93 (Int. Soc. of Offshore and Polar Engrs.), Singapore, Vol. 2, 634–639.
13.
Mellor, M. (1983). “Mechanical behaviour of sea ice.”Monograph 83-1. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), Hanover, N.H.
14.
Mellor, M., and Cole, D. M. (1981). “Cyclic loading and fatigue in ice.”Cold regions science and technology, Elsevier Science Publishers BV (North-Holland), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 4, 41–53.
15.
Nixon, W. A., and Smith, R. A. (1984). “Preliminary results of the fatigue behaviour of polycrystalline freshwater ice.”Cold regions science and technology, Elsevier Science Publishers BV (North-Holland), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 9, 267–269.
16.
Nixon, W. A., and Smith, R. A. (1987). “The fatigue behaviour of freshwater ice.”J. De Physique, Paris, France, Colloque C1, supplement au n° 3, Tome 48, 329–335.
17.
Nixon, W. A., and Weber, L. J. (1991). “Fatigue-crack growth in freshwater ice: preliminary results.”Annals of glaciology, International Glaciological Society, Cambridge, England, Vol. 15, 236–241.
18.
Perovich, D. K., and Richter-Menge, J. A. (1994). “Surface characteristics of lead ice.”J. Geophys. Res., 99(C8), 16341–16350.
19.
Sanderson, T. J. O. (1988). Ice mechanics: risks to offshore structures. Graham and Trotman, London, England.
20.
Schwarz, J., et al. (1981). “Standardised testing methods for measuring mechanical properties of ice.”Cold regions science and technology, Elsevier Science Publishers BV (North-Holland), The Netherlands, Vol. 4, 245–253.
21.
Sinha, N. K. (1991). “Cracking kinetics and failure on repeated loadings of ice.”Rep. Int. Symp. on Fatigue and Fracture in Steel and Concrete Struct., Structural Engineering Research Centre, CSIR Campus, Taramani, Madras 600 113 India.
22.
Svec, O. J., and Frederking, R. M. W. (1981). “Cantilever beam tests in an ice cover: influence of plate effects at the root.”Cold regions science and technology, Elsevier Science Publishers BV (North-Holland), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 4, 93–101.
23.
Timco, G. W., and O'Brien, S. (1994). “Flexural strength equation for sea ice.”Cold regions science and technology, Elsevier Science Publishers BV (North-Holland), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 22, 285–298.
24.
Vaudrey, K. D. (1977). “Ice engineering—study of related properties of floating sea-ice sheets and summary of elastic and viscoelastic analyses.”Tech. Rep. 860, Naval Construction Battalion Center, Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port Hueneme, Calif.
25.
Weeks, W. F., and Ackley, S. F. (1982). “The growth, structure and properties of sea ice.”Monograph 82-1, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), Hanover, N.H.
26.
Weeks, W. F., and Cox, G. F. N. (1974). “Laboratory preparation of artificial sea and salt ice.”Spec. Rep. 206, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), Hanover, N.H.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 11 • Issue 2 • June 1997
Pages: 99 - 112
Copyright
Copyright © 1997 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Jun 1, 1997
Published in print: Jun 1997
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.