Breakthrough Loads of Floating Ice Sheets
Publication: Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 9, Issue 1
Abstract
For safe transportation of loads on floating ice sheets, it is important to determine the breakthrough load of an ice sheet. At present, the breakthrough load is estimated using empirical relations developed from the results of full-scale field experiments. In this paper, a theoretical formulation is presented to derive an expression for the breakthrough load using plastic limit analysis. The velocity field in the vicinity of a distributed load is assumed, and the stresses induced in the columnar ice are assumed to be the biaxial strength, which depends on the strain rate derived from assumed velocity field. The breakthrough load is obtained by equating the rate of work done by the load to the rate of energy dissipation during compression of ice caused by radial and circumferential wedging of ice during deformation. The agreement between the theoretical estimates and the experimental breakthrough loads is good when energy dissipation due to radial deformation along circumferential cracks is ignored. The theoretical estimates of breakthrough loads are about twice the experimental loads when the radial crushing strength along circumferential cracks is assumed to be 1 MPa. Shear or punching failure due to concentrated load on a floating ice sheet is also briefly discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Bažant, Z. P., and Li, Y.-N. (1994). “Penetration fracture of sea ice plate: simplified analysis and size effect.”J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 120(6); 1304–1321.
2.
Beltaos, S. (1978). “A strain energy criterion for failure of floating ice sheets.”Can. J. Civ. Engrg., Canada, Vol. 5, 352–361.
3.
Buck, S. E. (1994). “Failure envelopes and the ductile-to-brittle transition in freshwater S2 columnar ice under biaxial compressive loading,” MS thesis, Thayer School of Engrg., Dartmouth Coll., Hanover, N.H.
4.
Dane, A. (1993). “Ice Station X.”Popular Mech., 170(11), 30–34, 132.
5.
Dempsey, J. P., and Zhao, Z. G.(1993). “Elastohydrodynamic response of an ice sheet to forced sub-surface uplift.”J. Mech. and Physics of Solids, 41(3), 487–506.
6.
Frankenstein, G. E. (1963). “Load test for lake ice sheets.”Tech. Rep. 89, U.S. Army Cold Regions Res. and Engrg. Lab. (CRREL), Hanover, N.H.
7.
Frankenstein, G. E. (1966). “Strength of ice sheets.”Proc., Conf. on Ice Pressures against Struct.; Tech. Memor. No. 92, NRCC No. 9851, Laval University, Quebec, National Research Council of Canada, Canada, 79–87.
8.
Fransson, L. (1985). “Load bearing capacity of an ice cover subjected to concentrated loads.”Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Offshore Mech. and Arctic Engrg., Vol. II, J. S. Chung et al., eds., Am. Soc. of Mech. Engrs. Publ., New York, N.Y., 170–176.
9.
Frederking, R.(1977). “Plane-strain compressive strength of columnar-grained and granular-snow ice.”J. Glaciology, 18(81), 505–516.
10.
Glen, J. W.(1955). “The creep of polycrystalline ice.”Proc., Royal Society of London, Ser. A, 228(1175), 519–538.
11.
Gold, L. W. (1971). “Use of ice covers for transportation.”Can. Geotech. J., Canada, Vol. 8, 170–181.
12.
Hellan, K.(1984). “An asymptotic study of slow radial cracking.”Int. J. of Fracture Mech., 26, 17–30.
13.
Hertz, H. (1984). “Über das gleichgewicht schwimmender elastischer platten.”Wiedemann's Annalen der Phys. und Chem., Vol. 22, 449.
14.
Kerr, A. D. (1975). “The bearing capacity of floating ice plates subjected to static and quasi-static loads: a critical survey.”Res. Rep. 333, U.S. Army Cold Regions Res. and Engrg. Lab. (CRREL), Hanover, N.H.
15.
Lichtenberger, G. J., Jones, J. W., Stegall, R. D., and Zadow, D. W. (1974). “Static ice loading tests Resolute Bay—Winter 1973/74.”APOA Proj. No. 64, Rep. No. 745B-74-14, ( CRREL Bib # 34-3095 ), Sunoco Sci. & Technol., Richardson, Tex.
16.
Meyerhof, G. G. (1960). “Bearing capacity of floating ice sheets.”J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 86(5); 113–145.
17.
Michel, B. (1978). Ice mechanics . Les Presses de L'Université Laval, Quebec, Canada.
18.
Nevel, D. E. (1961). “The narrow free infinite wedge on an elastic foundation.”Res. Rep. 79, U.S. Army Cold Regions Res. and Engrg. Lab. (CRREL), Hanover, N.H.
19.
Nevel, D. E. (1976). “Creep theory of a floating ice sheet.”Spec. Rep., 76-4, U.S. Army Cold Regions Res. and Engrg. Lab. (CRREL), Hanover, N.H.
20.
Nickolayev, O. Y., and Schulson, E. M. (1993). “Failure envelopes and the ductile-to-brittle transition in columnar saline ice under biaxial compression.”Ice mechanics—1993, J. P. Dempsey, Z. P. Bažant, Y. D. S. Rajapakse, and S. Shyam Sunder, eds., AMD-Vol. 163, Am. Soc. of Mech. Engrs., New York, N.Y.
21.
Peters, D. B., Ruser, J. R., and Watt, B. J. (1982). “Rational basis for design of floating ice roads and platforms.”Proc., 14th Offshore Technol. Conf., Offshore Technol. Conf., Houston, Tex., 153–167.
22.
River and lake ice engineering. (1986). G. D. Ashton, ed., Water Resources Publication, Littleton, Colo.
23.
Skrzypek, J. J. (1993). Plasticity and creep: theory, examples and problems, R. B. Hetnarski, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
24.
Slepyan, L. I.(1990). “Modeling of fracture of sheet ice.”Izv. AN SSSR Mekhanika Tverdogo Tela, 25(2), 151–157.
25.
Sodhi, D. S. (1989). “Interaction forces during vertical penetration of floating ice sheets with cylindrical indentors.”Proc., 8th Int. Conf. on Offshore Mech. and Arctic Engrg., N. K. Sinha, D. S. Sodhi, and J. S. Chung, eds., Am. Soc. of Mech. Engrs., Publications, New York, N.Y., Vol. IV, 377–382.
26.
Timoshenko, S., and Woinowsky-Krieger, S. (1959). Theory of plates and shells, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y.
27.
Westergaard, H. M. (1926). “Stresses in concrete pavements computed by theoretical analysis.”Public Roads, Vol. 7, 25–35.
28.
Wyman, M. (1950). “Deflections of an infinite plate.”Can. J. of Res., Canada, A28, 293–302.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 9 • Issue 1 • March 1995
Pages: 4 - 22
Copyright
Copyright © 1995 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Mar 1, 1995
Published in print: Mar 1995
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.