Effects of Low Temperature on Physicochemical Processes in Water Quality Control
Publication: Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 2, Issue 3
Abstract
LOW temperature has significant effects on many processes of water and wastewater treatment systems. Practically all operations and processes are affected by low temperature through viscosity changes in the water or changes in chemical or biochemical reaction rates. In the arctic regions, temperatures of most water sources are below 4 °C and frequently at or near 0 °C and wastewater temperatures are low. Such low temperature conditions call for adjustments in design, construction, operation, and maintenance of water and wastewater systems, to those adopted in temperate climates. Thus, a knowledge of the effects of low temperature on various unit processes becomes important for a proper design and operation of these treatment systems. A review of literature on the low temperature effects on the performance of aeration, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and the removal of chlorination byproducts such as trihalomethanes through water treatment systems is presented briefly. The review also includes low temperature effects on gas transfer, sedimentation, ozonation, and adsorption in wastewater treatment.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Allen, R. K., et al. (1978). “Disinfection of wastewater with ozone.” Water and Sewage Works, 125(7), 48–53.
2.
Amy, G. L., et al. (1983). “The influence of temperature on THM formation: Implications for cold regions.” Proc. First Conference on Cold Regions Environmental Engineering, Civ. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of Alaska, 248–253.
3.
Bellamy, W. D., Hendricks, D. W., and Logsdon, G. S. (1985). “Slow sand filtration: Influences of settled process variables.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 77(12), 62–66.
4.
Bell, J. B., Macrae, W., and Zall, J. F. J. (1975). “The bacterial content of North Saskatchewan River in the vicinity of Edmonton, Alberta.” Report EPS‐5‐NW‐75‐2, Environment Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
5.
Burman, N. P. (1962). “Bacterialogical control of slow sand filters.” Effluent and Water Treat. J., 2(12), 655.
6.
Camp, T. R., Root, D. A., and Bhoota, B. V. (1940). “Effects of temperature on rate of floc formation.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 32(11), 1913.
7.
Cold, L. D. (1976). “Surface water treatment in cold weathers.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 68(1), 22–25.
8.
“Cold climate utilities delivery design manual. (1979). EPA‐600/8‐79‐027, U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oreg.
9.
“Cold climate utilities delivery design manual, economic and technical review.” (1979). Report EPS 3‐WP‐79‐2, Water Pollution Control Directorate, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
10.
Cullen, T. R., and Letterman, R. D. (1985). “The effects of slow sand filter maintenance on water quality.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 77(12), 48–54.
11.
Davis, E. (1983). “Water treatment in cold climates.” Proc. First Conference on Cold Regions Environmental Engineering, Civ. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of Alaska, 221–233.
12.
Gorden, R. C. (1972). “Winter survival of fecal indicator bacteria in a subarctic Alaskan River.” Report No. EPA‐R2‐72‐013, U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oreg.
13.
Graig, K. (1985). “Direct filtration: An Australian study.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 77(12), 56–61.
14.
Hoigne, J., and Bader, H. (1976). “Role of hydroxyl radical reactions in ozonation processes in aqueous solutions.” Water Res., 10(5), 377–386.
15.
Hudson, H. E., Jr. (1972). “Density considerations in sedimentation.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 64(6), 382–391.
16.
Huisman, L., and Wood, W. E. (1974). Slow sand filtration. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
17.
Kawamura, S. (1985). “Two stage filtration.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 77(12), 42–47.
18.
Knocke, W. R., West, S., and Hoehn, R. C. (1986). “Effects of low temperature on the removal of trihalomethane precursors by coagulation.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 78(4), 189–195.
19.
Leopold, C. (1984). “Mechanical agitation and alum floc formation.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 32(11), 1913.
20.
LePage, W. L. (1985). “A treatment plant operator assesses ozonation.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 77(8), 44–48.
21.
Maqsood, R., and Benedek, A. (1974). “Feasibility of physicochemical treatment of raw sewage at low temperatures.” Proc., International Symposium on Wastewater Treatment in Cold Climates, Report No. EPS 3‐WP‐74‐3, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
22.
Mohtadi, M. F., and Rao, P. N. (1973). “Effects of temperature on flocculation of aqueous dispersions.” Water Res., 7(5), 747–767.
23.
Montgomery Inc., J. M. (1985). Water treatment principles and design. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
24.
Morison, S. M., Martin, K. L., and Humble, D. E. (1973). “Lime disinfection of sewage bacteria at low temperature.” Report No. EPA‐660‐2‐73‐017, U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, 90.
25.
Morris, J. K., and Knocke, W. R. (1984). “Temperature effects on the use of metal‐ion coagulants for water treatment.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 76(3), 75–79.
26.
Mosher, R. R., and Hendricks, D. W. (1986). “Rapid rate filtration of low turbidity water using field‐scale pilot filters.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 78(12), 42–51.
27.
“Nomograph on velocity gradients.” (1978). Water and sewage works, Reference 1978, 75–79.
28.
Panchenro, L. I., et al. (1981). “Aluminum hydroxosulphate a new coagulant for purifying water.” Soviet Journal for Water and Chemical Tech., USSR, 3(5), 73 (in Russian).
29.
Pottle, D. S., and Ott, C. R. (1987). “Temperature influence on potable water treatment.” Proc., Second Int. Conference on Cold Region and Environ. Engrg., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Alberta, 47–58.
30.
Reed, S. C., and Murphy, R. S. (1969). “Low temperature activated sludge settling.” J. Sanitary Engrg. Div., ASCE, 95(SA4), 747–767.
31.
Reynolds, T. D. (1982). Unit operations and processes in environmental engineering. Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., Monterey, Calif.
32.
Sanks, R. L. (1978). Water treatment plant design. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Mich.
33.
Seelaus, T. J., Hendricks, D. W., and Janonis, B. A. (1986). “Design and operation of a slow sand filter.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 78(12), 35–41.
34.
Smith, D. W. (1986). Cold climate utilities manual, Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
35.
Smith, D. W., and Given, P. W. (1981). “Treatment alternatives for dilute, low temperature wastewater.” Treatment of water and wastewater services for cold climate communities. D. W. Smith and S. E. Hrudey, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 184.
36.
Stopka, K. (1978). “Ozone plant improves efficiency and economy of wastewater treatment.” Water and Sewage Works, 125(4), 57–59.
37.
Trussel, R., and Umphes, M. (1978). “The formations of THMs.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 70(11), 604–612.
38.
Vehiyama, M., Agajima, Y., and Magara, Y. (1986). “Changes of THM formation potentials in the Tone River.” Water Res., 20(8), 999–1003.
39.
Weber, W. J., Jr. (1972). Physicochemical process for water quality control. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
40.
White, G. C. (1986). Handbook of Chlorination, 2nd Ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, N.Y.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
Volume 2 • Issue 3 • September 1988
Pages: 101 - 110
Copyright
Copyright © 1988 ASCE.
History
Published online: Sep 1, 1988
Published in print: Sep 1988
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.