Soil Reactions in Saturated Sand Caused by Impulsive Loads
Publication: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 133, Issue 1
Abstract
It is demonstrated that reactions for impulsive loads in saturated sand soil are speed dependent and can be far higher than the reactions for the corresponding slow loads. The reason is that soils rupture and pore water flow interacts, both for contractive sand and for dilatant sand and create additional pore water pressures and additional effective stresses. The traditional geotechnical methods, the extreme method, and the equilibrium methods have been extended to also include the interaction between ruptures and pore water flow. It is shown that zone ruptures generally will be dilatant except possibly for the loosest layering. This means that the pore water will be sucked into the rupture zone when it develops. This may not be the case with line ruptures, where the soil may be mainly contractive and squeeze out pore water during the development. Analytical methods have been developed and compared with laboratory results for falling cones penetrating into saturated sand. Both tests and analysis compared well and showed an increase from 2 to 70 times in average resistance compared with dry sand depending on the relative density of the sand and the ratio between speed of penetration and permeability.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The results are a summary of WORKPACKAGE 6 of the EU Framework 5 project EVK3-CT-2000-00038 LIMAS (Liquefaction in Marine Structures) managed by Professor Dr. Mutlu Sumer, ISVA, Technical University of Denmark. Dr. Maarten de Groot of Delft GeotechnicsGeoDelft was the leader of the task in which the described investigations were a part. His advice, especially with respect to compaction and to control of test conditions, was extremely helpful. All contributions are gratefully acknowledged.
References
Brinch, J. Hansen (1953). Earth pressure calculation, The Danish Technical Press, The Institution of Danish Civil Engineers, Copenhagen.
Cassidy, M. J., and Houlsby, G. T. (2002). “Vertical bearing capacity factors for conical footings on technical note.” Geotechnique, 52(9), 687–699.
de Groot, M. B., Boltons, M. D., Foray, P., Meijers, P., Palmer, A. C., Sandven, R., Sawicki, A., and Tek, T. C. (2006). “Physics of liquefaction phenomena around marine structures.” ASCE LIMAS Special Issue for Liquefaction in Marine Structures.
Engelund, F. (1953). “On the laminar and turbulent flows of groundwater through homogeneous sand.” Trans. Danish Acad. Tech. Sci. No. 3. Copenhagen.
Haar, A., and von Karman, Th. (1909). Zur theorie der spannungszustände in plastischen und sandartigen medien, Nachrichten von Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Göttingen, Vol. 1909, 204–218.
Houlsby, G. T. (1982). “Theoretical analysis of the fall cone test.” Geotechnique, 32(2), 111–118.
Ibsen, L. B. (1997). “Dynamic response of coarse granular material to wave load.” MAST III (PROVERBS) Workshop, Las Palmas, Spain.
Lade, P. V., and Yamamuro, J. A. (1999). “Physics and mechanics of soil liquefaction.” Proc., Int. Workshop on the Physics and Mechanics of Soil Liquefaction, Baltimore, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Lund, W. P., Horn, J., Jacobsen, H. J., Okkels, N., and Frederiksen, J. K. (2001). “Relativ lejringstæthed.” Laboratoriehåndbogen, DGF-Bulletin, Chapter 3.6, Dansk Geoteknisk Forening, 34–36.
Ottesen Hansen, N.-E., Simonsen, B. C., and Sterndorff, M. J. (1994). “The soil mechanics of ship beaching.” Proc., 24th Int. Conf. on Coastal Engineering, Kobe, Japan.
Palmer, A. C. (1999). “Speed effects in cutting and ploughing.” Geotechnique, 49(3), 285–294.
Simonsen, B. C. (1993). “The mechanics of beaching.” M.Sc. Report, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, The Technical Univ. of Denmark, Denmark (in Danish).
Simonsen, B. C., and Ottesen Hansen, N.-E. (1998). Protection of marine structures by artificial islands. Ship collision analysis., Gluver/Olsen, eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2007 ASCE.
History
Received: May 5, 2005
Accepted: Jun 21, 2006
Published online: Jan 1, 2007
Published in print: Jan 2007
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.