Overtopping Formulas for Caisson Breakwaters with Nonbreaking 3D Waves
Publication: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 125, Issue 2
Abstract
From the analysis of an extensive series of two-dimensional and three-dimensional hydraulic model tests on the overtopping response of various types of caisson breakwaters, general design formulas and graphs have been derived. Exponential relationships relate the mean discharge and the percentage of overtopping waves with the relative freeboard. The parametric influence of geometrical changes and of wave obliquity and multidirectionality is described by reduction factors referred to the case of simple vertical structure under long-crested head-on wave attack. Comparisons are made with the three-dimensional overtopping response of sloping structures. Overtopping volumes per wave have also been measured and their distribution fitted with a universal probability function. Even the effects of overtopping waves on pedestrians behind the crownwall were statistically evaluated to allow an upgrading of the existing criteria for the admissible rates over breakwaters.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Allsop, N. W. H., Besley, P., and Madurini, L. ( 1995). “Overtopping performance of vertical and composite breakwaters, seawalls and low reflection alternatives.” Final Proc., MAST II-MCS Proj., Paper 4.6, University of Hanover, Germany.
2.
Aminti, P., and Franco, L. ( 1988). “Wave overtopping on rubble mound breakwaters.” Proc., 21st Int. Conf. on Coast. Engrg., Vol. 1, ASCE, New York, 770–781.
3.
Archetti, R., Franco, L., Muttray, M., Passoni, G., Tautenhain, E., and Zimmerman, C. ( 1995). “Large scale model tests on wave overtopping on rubble mound breakwaters.” Proc., 4th COPEDEC Conf., Brazilian Water Resources Association, Rio de Janeiro, 1219–1231.
4.
Battjes, J. A. ( 1974). “Computation of set-up, longshore currents, run-up and overtopping due to wind-generated waves.” Communications on hydraulics, Rep. No. 74-2, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
5.
Bradbury, A. P., and Allsop, N. W. H. ( 1988). “Hydraulic effects of breakwater crownwalls.” Proc., BREAKWATERS'88 Conf., Institution of Civil Engineers, Eastbourne, Thomas, Telford, London, 385–396.
6.
, B., and Guiducci, F. ( 1993). “The experimental methodology and the computer aided analysis for the determination of the characteristic parameters of overtopping on the sea structures.” Proc., 1st Italian Days of Coast. Engrg., ICE92-AIPCN, Vol. D, Ministry of Public Works, Genoa, Italy, 206–218 (in Italian).
7.
De Gerloni, M., Franco, L., and Passoni, G. ( 1991). “The safety of breakwaters against wave overtopping.” Proc., Breakwaters and Coast. Struct. Conf., Institution of Civil Engineers, Thomas Telford, London, 335–342.
8.
De Waal, J. P., Tonjes, P., and Van der Meer, J. W. ( 1996). “Wave overtopping of vertical structures including wind effect.” Proc., 25th Int. Conf. on Coast. Engrg., ASCE, New York, 2216–2229.
9.
De Waal, J. P., and Van der Meer, J. W. ( 1992). “Wave runup and overtopping on coastal structures.” Proc., 23rd Int. Conf. on Coast. Engrg., Vol. II, ASCE, New York, 1758–1771.
10.
Franco, L. ( 1994). “Vertical breakwaters: the Italian experience.” Coast. Engrg., 22, 31–55.
11.
Franco, C. ( 1996). “Wave overtopping and loads on caisson breakwater under three-dimensional sea-states.” LIP-MAST-TAW Full Final Rep., DIIAR, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
12.
Franco, L., De Gerloni, M., and Van der Meer, J. W. ( 1994). “Wave overtopping at vertical and composite breakwaters.” Proc., 24th Int. Conf. on Coast. Engrg., ASCE, New York, 1030–1045.
13.
Franco, C., Franco, L., Restano, C., and Van der Meer, J. W. ( 1995). “The effect of wave obliquity and shortcrestedness on the overtopping rate and volume distribution on caisson breakwaters.” Final Proc., MAST II-MCS Proj., Paper 4.9, University of Hanover, Germany.
14.
Franco, C., Van der Meer, J. W., and Franco, L. ( 1996). “Multidirectional wave loads on vertical breakwaters.” Proc., 25th Int. Conf. on Coast. Engrg., ASCE, New York, 2008–2021.
15.
Frigaard, P., and Petersen, J. H. ( 1994). “Estimation of incident wave height.” Proc., 3rd MAST II-MCS Workshop, De Voorst, The Netherlands.
16.
Goda, Y. ( 1971). “Expected rate of irregular wave overtopping of seawalls.” Coast. Engrg. in Japan, 17, 117–128.
17.
Goda, Y. ( 1985). “Random seas and design of maritime structures.” University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
18.
Hedges, T. S., and Reis, M. T. ( 1998). “Random wave overtopping of simple seawalls: a new regression model.” Water, Maritime and Energy J., Proc., Instn. Civ. Engrs., Vol. 30, Thomas Telford, London, 1–10.
19.
Herbert, D. M. ( 1993). “Wave overtopping of vertical walls.” Report SR 316, HR Wallingford, United Kingdom.
20.
Hyraishi, T., and Mochizuki, N. ( 1995). `Wave overtopping rate of seawall in directional sea.” Proc., 26th IAHR Congr. HYDRA 2000, A. J. Grass, ed., Thomas Telford, Vol. 3, London, 3D7, 251–262.
21.
Jensen, O. J., and Juhl, J. ( 1987). “Wave overtopping on breakwaters and sea dikes.” Proc., 2nd COPEDEC Conf., Bejing, China.
22.
Jervis, M., and Peregrine, D. H. ( 1996). “Overtopping of waves at wall: A theoretical approach.” Proc., 25th Int. Conf. on Coast. Engrg., ASCE, New York, 2192–2205.
23.
Juhl, J. ( 1995). “Wave overtopping of vertical walls and influence of wind.” Proc., Final MAST II-MCS Workshop, Alderney, U.K.
24.
Juhl, J., and Sloth, P. ( 1994). “Wave overtopping of breakwaters under oblique waves.” Proc., 24th Int. Conf. on Coast. Engrg., ASCE, New York, 1182–1196.
25.
Kikkawa, H., Shi-igai, H., and Kono, T. ( 1968). “Fundamental study of wave overtopping on levees.” Coast. Engrg. in Japan, Tokyo, 8, 141– 151.
26.
Owen, M. W. ( 1980). “Design of seawalls allowing for wave overtopping.” Report EX 924, HR Wallingford, United Kingdom.
27.
Su, J. C., Liu, C. I., and Kuo, C. T. ( 1992). “Application of Weibull distribution for irregular wave overtopping.” Proc., 6th IAHR Symp. on Stochastic Hydr., Taipei, Taiwan.
28.
Umeyama, M. ( 1993). “Wave overtopping on vertical boundary and water-surface displacement.” Wtrwy. Port Coast. and Oc. Engrg., ASCE, 119(3), 243–260.
29.
U.S. Army, Coastal Engineering Research Center. ( 1984). Shore protection manual. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
30.
Van der Meer, J. W. ( 1992). “Wave run-up and overtopping of dikes.” Report H638, Delft Hydraulics Ltd., Delft, The Netherlands.
31.
Van der Meer, J. W., and Janssen, J. P. F. M. ( 1994). “Wave run-up and wave overtopping at dikes.” Wave forces on inclined and vertical wall structures, N. Kobayashi and Z. Demirbilek, eds., ASCE, New York.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 125 • Issue 2 • March 1999
Pages: 98 - 108
History
Published online: Mar 1, 1999
Published in print: Mar 1999
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.