Multiobjective Contaminant Sensor Network Design for Water Distribution Systems
Publication: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 134, Issue 4
Abstract
A contaminant intentional intrusion into a water distribution system is one of the most difficult threats to address. This is because of the uncertainty of the type of the injected contaminant and its consequences, and the uncertainty of the location and intrusion time. An online contaminant sensor network is the main constituent to enhance the security of a water distribution system against such a threat. In this study a multiobjective model for water distribution system optimal sensor placement using the nondominated sorted genetic algorithm II is developed and demonstrated using two water distribution systems of increasing complexity. Tradeoffs between three objectives are explored: (1) sensor detection likelihood; (2) sensor detection redundancy; and (3) sensor expected detection time. Pareto fronts are plotted for pairs of conflicting objectives, and simultaneously for all three. A contamination event heuristic sampling methodology is developed for overcoming the problem of contamination event sampling.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Henri Gutwirth Promotion of Research Fund, by the Institute for Future Defense Technologies Research, named for The Medvedi, Shwartzman, and Gensler families; by the Grand Water Research Institute; and by NATO [Science for Peace (SfP) Project No. CBD.MD.SFP 981456]. The valuable reviewer’s suggestions and comments are highly acknowledged.
References
Al-Zahrani, M., and Moied, K. (2001). “Locating optimum water quality monitoring stations in water distribution system.” Bridging the Gap: Meeting the World’s Water and Environmental Resources Challenges, Proc. ASCE EWRI Annual Conf., Orlando, Fla.
American Water Works Association (AWWA). (2004). “Security guidance for water utilities.” ⟨http://www.awwa.org/science/wise⟩ (accessed August 2, 2007 ), AWWA, Denver.
ASCE. (2004). “Guidelines for designing an online contaminant monitoring system.” ⟨http://www.asce.org/static/1/wise.cfm#Monitoring⟩ (accessed August 2, 2007 ), ASCE, Reston, Va.
Berry, J. W., Hart, W. E., Phillips, C. A., Uber, J. G., and Watson, J. P. (2006). “Sensor placement in municipal water networks with temporal integer programming models.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 132(4), 218–224.
Centre for Water Systems (CWS). (2001). “CWS benchmarks.” ⟨www.projects.ex.ac.uk/cws/⟩ (accessed August 6, 2007 ), CWS Univ. of Exeter, Exeter, U.K.
Deb, K. (2001). Multiobjective optimization using evolutionary algorithms, Wiley, London.
Deb, K., Agrawal, S., Pratap, A., and Meyarivan, T. (2000). “A fast elitist nondominated sorting genetic algorithm for multiobjective optimization: NSGA-II.” Proc., Parallel Problem Solving from Nature VI Conf., Paris, 849–858.
Deb, K., Pratap, A., Agarwal, S., and Meyarivan, T. (2002). “A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II.” IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput., 6(2), 182–197.
Dorini, G., Jonkergouw, P., Kapelan, Z., di Pierro, F., Khu, S. T., and Savic, D. (2006). “An efficient algorithm for sensor placement in water distribution systems.” Proc., 8th Annual Water Distribution System Analysis Symp., Cincinnati.
Eliades, D., and Polycarpou, M. (2006). “Iterative deepening of Pareto solutions in water sensor networks.” Proc., 8th Annual Water Distribution System Analysis Symp., Cincinnati.
Fonseca, C. M., and Fleming, P. J. (1995). “An overview of evolutionary algorithms in multiobjective optimization.” Evol. Comput., 3(1), 1–16.
Gueli, R. (2006). “Predator–prey model for discrete sensor placement.” Proc., 8th Annual Water Distribution System Analysis Symp., Cincinnati.
Goldberg, D. E. (1989). Genetic algorithms in search, optimization, and machine learning, Addison-Wesley, New York.
Holland, J. H. (1975). Adaptation in natural and artificial systems, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Huang, J. J., McBean, E. A., and James, W. (2006). “Multiobjective optimization for monitoring sensor placement in water distribution systems.” Proc., 8th Annual Water Distribution System Analysis Symp., Cincinnati.
Kessler, A., Ostfeld, A., and Sinai, G. (1998). “Detecting accidental contaminations in municipal water networks.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 124(4), 192–198.
Krause, A., et al. (2006). “Optimizing sensor placements in water distribution systems using submodular function maximization.” Proc., 8th Annual Water Distribution System Analysis Symp., Cincinnati.
Kumar, A., Kansal, M. L., and Arora, G. (1997). “Identification of monitoring stations in water distribution system.” J. Environ. Eng., 123(8), 746–752.
Lee, B., and Deininger, R. (1992). “Optimal locations of monitoring stations in water distribution system.” J. Environ. Eng., 118(1), 4–16.
Ostfeld, A., Kessler, A., and Goldberg, I. (2004). “A contaminant detection system for early warning in water distribution networks.” Eng. Optimiz., 36(5), 525–538.
Ostfeld, A., and Salomons, E. (2004). “Optimal layout of early warning detection stations for water distribution systems security.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 130(5), 377–385.
Ostfeld, A., and Salomons, E. (2005). “Securing water distribution systems using online contamination monitoring.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 131(5), 402–405.
Ostfeld, A., and Salomons, E. (2006). “Sensor network design proposal for the battle of the water sensor networks (BWSN).” Proc., 8th Annual Water Distribution System Analysis Symp., Cincinnati.
Ostfeld, A., Uber, J., and Salomons, E. (2006). “Battle of the water sensor networks (BWSN): A design challenge for engineers and algorithms.” Proc., 8th Annual Water Distribution System Analysis Symp., Cincinnati.
Prasad, T. D., and Park, N.-S. (2004). “Multiobjective genetic algorithms for design of water distribution networks.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 130(1), 73–82.
Prasad, T. D., Walters, G. A., and Savic, D. A. (2004). “Booster disinfection of water supply networks: Multiobjective approach.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 130(5), 367–376.
Preis, A., and Ostfeld, A. (2006). “Multiobjective sensor design for water distribution systems security.” Proc., 8th Annual Water Distribution System Analysis Symp., Cincinnati.
Propato, M. (2006). “Contamination warning in water networks: General mixed-integer linear models for sensor location design.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 132(4), 225–233.
Rubinstein, R. Y. (1999). “The simulated entropy method for combinatorial and continuous optimization.” Methodol. Comput. Appl. Probab., 2, 127–190.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (2002). “EPANET 2.00.10.” ⟨http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/wswrd/epanet.html⟩ (accessed August 2, 2007 ), USEPA, Washington, D.C.
Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia, L. S., Walters, G. A., and Savic, D. A. (2005). “Fuzzy multiobjective optimization of water distribution networks.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 131(6), 467–476.
Veldhuizen, D. V. (1999). “Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms: Classifications, analyses, and new innovations.” Technical Rep. No. AFIT/DS/ENG/99-01, Air Force Institute of Technology, Dayton, Ohio.
Watson, J. P., Greenberg, H. J., and Hart, W. E. (2004). “A multiple-objective analysis of sensor placement optimization in water networks.” Proc., ASCE EWRI Annual Conf. on Critical Transitions in Water and Environmental Resources Management, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Woo, H. M., Yoon, J. H., and Choi, D. Y. (2001). “Optimal monitoring sites based on water quality and quantity in water distribution systems.” Proc., ASCE EWRI Annual Conf. on Bridging the Gap: Meeting the World’s Water and Environmental Resources Challenges, Orlando, Fl.
Wu, Z. Y., and Walski, T. (2006). “Multiobjective optimization of sensor placement in water distribution systems.” Proc., 8th Annual Water Distribution System Analysis Symp., Cincinnati.
Zitzler, E., Laumanns, M., and Thiele, L. (2001). “SPEA2: Improving the strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm for multiobjective optimization.” Proc., EUROGEN2001 Conf. on Evolutionary Methods for Design, Optimization, and Control, Athens, Greece (CIMNE: Barcelona), 95–100.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 134 • Issue 4 • July 2008
Pages: 366 - 377
Copyright
© 2008 ASCE.
History
Received: Dec 1, 2006
Accepted: Oct 18, 2007
Published online: Jul 1, 2008
Published in print: Jul 2008
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.