Characterizing Pipe Wall Demand: Implications for Water Quality Modeling
Publication: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 131, Issue 3
Abstract
It has become generally accepted that water quality can deteriorate in a distribution system through reactions in the bulk phase and at the pipe wall. These reactions may be physical, chemical, or microbiological in nature. Perhaps one of the most serious aspects of water-quality deterioration in a network is the loss of disinfectant residual that can weaken the barrier against microbial contamination. Recent studies have suggested that one factor contributing to the loss of disinfectant residuals is internal corrosion of the pipe wall material. Recent studies have suggested that in older unlined metal pipes, the loss of chlorine residual may increase with increasing flow rates. To systematically assess the effect of free chlorine loss in corroded metal pipes, subject to changes in velocity, the authors conducted a study under controlled conditions in a specially constructed pipe loop located at the U.S Environmental Protection Agency’s (U.S. EPA’s) Test and Evaluation (T&E) Facility in Cincinnati, Ohio. Results from the pipe-loop study supported the concept that the rate of free chlorine residual loss increased with velocity.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of Srinivas Panguluri of Shaw Environmental and Infrastructure, Inc., and David Cmehil, engineering technician, and Mr. William Casey, science technician of the U.S. EPA, for their assistance in conducting this study.
References
Benjamin, M. M., Sontheimer, H., and Leroy, P. (1996). “Corrosion of iron and steel.” Internal corrosion of water distribution systems, American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Denver, 29–77.
Biswas, P., Lu, C., and Clark, R. M. (1993). “A model for chlorine concentration decay in drinking water distribution pipes.” Water Res., 27(12), 1715–1724.
Camper, A. K., Brastrup, K., Sandvig, A., Clement, J., Spencer, C., and Capuzzi, A. S. (2003). “Effect of distribution system materials on bacterial growth.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 95(7), 107–121.
Clark, R. M., et al. (1994). “Managing water quality in distribution systems: Simulating TTHM and chlorine residual propagation.” J. Water Supply Res. Technol., 43(4), 182–191.
Clark, R. M., and Coyle, J. A. (1990). “Measuring and modeling variations in distribution system water quality.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 82(8), 46–53.
Clark, R. M., Grayman, W. M., Goodrich, J. A., Deininger, R. A., and Hess, A. F. (1991). “Field testing distribution water quality models.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 83(7), 67–75.
Clark, R. M., Rossman, L., and Wymer L. (1995). “Modeling distribution system water quality: Regulatory implications.” J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage., 121(6), 423–428.
Doshi, P. E., Grayman, W. M., and Guastella, D. (2003). “Field testing the chlorine wall demand in distribution mains.” Proc., 2003 Annual Conf. of the American Water Works Association, American Water Works Association, Denver, 1–10.
Draper, N. R., and Smith, H. (1998). Applied regression analysis, Wiley, New York.
Eisnor, J. D., and Gagnon, G. A. (2003). “A framework for the implementation and design of pilot-scale distribution systems.” J. Water Supply Res. Technol., 52(7), 501–519.
Grayman, W. M., Rossman, L. A., Gill, M. A., Li, Y., and Guastella, D. E. (2002). “Measuring and modeling disinfectant wall demand in metallic pipes.” Proc., EWRI Conf. on Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE Reston Va.
Lu, C. (1991). “Theoretical study of particle, chemical and microbial transport in drinking water distribution systems. Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati.
Rossman, L. A. (2000). EPANET Version 2 users manual, Drinking Water Research Division, USEPA, Cincinnati.
Rossman, L. A., Brown, R. A., Singer, P. C., and Nuckols, J. R. (2001). “DBP formation kinetics in a simulated distribution system.” Water Res., 35(14), 3483–3489.
Rossman, L. A., Clark, R. M., and Grayman, W. M. (1994). “Modeling chlorine residuals in drinking-water distribution systems.” J. Environ. Eng., 120(4), 803–820.
Sarin, P., Clement, J. A., Snoeyink, V. L, and Kriven, W. W. (2003). “Iron release from corrode unlined cast-iron pipe.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 95(11), 85–86.
Sarin, P., Snoeyink, V. L., Lytle, D. A., and Kriven, W. M. (2004). “Iron corrosion scales: Models for scale growth, iron release, and colored water formation.” J. Environ. Eng., 130(4), 364–373.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Ed., 1998, American Public Health Association, NW, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (1983). “Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes.” EPA 600/4-79-020, Office of Research and Development, USEPA, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (1990). “Methods for the determination of organic compounds in drinking water, supplement I.” EPA 600/4-90-020, USEPA, Washington, D.C.
Vasconcelos, J. J., Rossman, L. A., Grayman, W. M., Boulos, P. F., and Clark, R. M. (1997). “Kinetics of chlorine decay.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 89(7).
Williams, D. B. “Dechlorination linked to corrosion in water distribution systems.” (1958). Water and Sewage Works, 106–111.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 131 • Issue 3 • May 2005
Pages: 208 - 217
Copyright
© 2005 ASCE.
History
Received: Sep 2, 2004
Accepted: Oct 11, 2004
Published online: May 1, 2005
Published in print: May 2005
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.