Randomized Stratified Sampling Methodology for Water Quality in Distribution Systems
Publication: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 130, Issue 4
Abstract
Water utilities rely on samples collected from the distribution system to assure the quality of drinking water delivered to customers. However, few utilities employ a systematic sampling protocol to collect these samples. This paper presents a methodology that involves random selection of sample locations and time of sample collection to minimize bias and variance in results. For a given sampling goal, system-specific knowledge is incorporated into the sampling design through definition of appropriate stratification variables, selection of sample size, and sample allocation. The sampling designs produced by this methodology provide a measurement of water quality along with an estimate of statistical precision, with insights into significant factors affecting water quality. The methodology is illustrated using a synthetic data set from a distribution system water quality model to assess sampling designs and results for a mid-sized water utility.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Bush, C. A., and Uber, J. G.(1998). “Sampling design methods for water distribution model calibration.” J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage., 124(6), 334–344.
de Schaetzen, W. B. F., Walters, G. A., and Savic, D. A. (2000). “Optimal sampling design for model calibration using shortest path, genetic and entropy algorithms.” Urban Water, (2), 141–152.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2000). “National primary drinking water regulations.” Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Chapter 1, Part 141, Washington, D.C.
Frateur, I., Deslouis, C., Kiene, L., Levi, Y., and Tribollet, B.(1999). “Free chlorine consumption induced by cast iron corrosion in drinking water distribution systems.” Water Res., 33(8), 1781–1790.
Harmancioglu, N. B., Fistikoglu, O., Ozkul, S. D., Singh, V. P., and Alpaslan, M. N. (1999). Water quality monitoring network design, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Kiene, L., Lu, W., and Levi, Y.(1998). “Relative importance of the phenomena responsible for chlorine decay in drinking water distribution systems.” Water Sci. Technol., 38(6), 219–227.
Kish, L. (1995). Survey sampling, Wiley, New York.
Lee, B. H., and Deininger, R. A.(1992). “Optimal locations of monitoring stations in water distribution systems.” J. Environ. Eng., 118(1), 4–16.
Meier, R. W., and Barkdoll, B. D.(2000). “Sampling design for network model calibration using genetic algorithms.” J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage., 126(4), 245–250.
Nwachuku, N., Craun, G. F., and Calderon, R. L.(2002). “How effective is the TCR in assessing outbreak vulnerability?” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 94(9), 88–96.
Pitometer Associates. (2002). “Hydraulic and water quality model for the City of Durham.” Project Rep., Durham, N.C.
Research Triangle Institute (RTI). (2002). SUDAAN user’s guide, Research Triangle Park, N.C.
Rossman, LA. (2000). EPANET 2 users manual, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati.
Sanders, T. G., Ward, R. C., Loftis, J. C., Steele, T. D., Adrien, D. D., and Yevjevich, V. (1983). Design of networks for monitoring water quality, Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colo.
Ward, R. C., Loftis, J. C., and McBride, G. B. (1990). Design of water quality monitoring systems, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 130 • Issue 4 • July 2004
Pages: 330 - 338
Copyright
Copyright © 2004 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 28, 2003
Accepted: Oct 27, 2003
Published online: Jun 15, 2004
Published in print: Jul 2004
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.