Characterizing Effective Built-In Curling from Concrete Pavement Field Measurements
Publication: Journal of Transportation Engineering
Volume 131, Issue 4
Abstract
Instrumented concrete slabs were constructed in Palmdale, Calif., in order to fail the slab sections under accelerated pavement testing. Prior to fatigue failure testing, these slabs were monitored over cycles without load, and under a slow-moving rolling wheel load. Slab temperature profiles, edge and corner deflections, and interior vertical deflections were collected at intervals. A finite element program was used to analyze the deflection data and calculate an effective built-in temperature difference (EBITD) through the slab, which represented the combined effects of nonlinear “built-in” temperature gradients, irreversible shrinkage, and creep. Differences in restraints (from adjacent slabs, shoulder, and base friction) and variability in material and structural properties resulted in wide variation in the measured EBITD. High EBITD values were observed for sections with low restraint, and low to moderate EBITD values observed for sections with higher restraint.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgment
The research included in this paper was conducted under a grant from the University of California at Berkeley Pavement Research Center and the support of Caltrans.
References
Altoubat, S. A., and Lange, D. A. (2001). “Creep, shrinkage, and cracking of restrained concrete at early age.” ACI Mater. J., 98, 323–331.
Armaghani, J. M., Larsen, T. J., and Smith, L. L. (1986). “Temperature response of concrete pavements.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1121, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 23–33.
Beckemeyer, C. A., Khazanovich, L., and Yu, H. T. (2002). “Determining amount of built-in curling in jointed plain concrete pavement: Case study of Pennsylvania I-80.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1809, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 85–92.
Byrum, C. R. (2000). “Analysis by high-speed profile of jointed concrete pavement slab curvatures.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1730, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1–9.
Carlson, R. W. (1938). “Drying shrinkage of concrete as affected by many factors.” Proc., of the American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa, Vol. 38, Pt. II, 419–440.
Darter, M., Khazanovich, L., Snyder, M., Rao, S., and Hallin, J. (2001). “Development and calibration of a mechanistic design procedure for jointed plain concrete pavements.” Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Concrete Pavements, Orlando, Fla.
du Plessis, L. (2002). “HVS test results on fast-setting hydraulic cement concrete, Palmdale, California test sections, North Tangent.” Draft Rep., Berkeley, Calif.
du Plessis, L., Bush, D., Jooste, F., Hung, D., Scheffy, C., Roesler, J., Popescu, L., and Harvey, J. (2002). “HVS test results on fast-setting hydraulic cement concrete, Palmdale, California test sections, south tangent.” Rep. Prepared for California Department of Transportation, Berkeley, Calif.
Hansen, W., Smiley, D. L., Peng, Y., and Jensen, E. A. (2002). “Validating top-down premature transverse slab cracking in jointed plain concrete pavement.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1809, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 52–59.
Hatt, W. K. (1925). “The effect of moisture on concrete.” Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 157, 270–315.
Heath, A. C., and Roesler, J. R. (2000). “Top-down cracking of rigid pavements constructed with fast setting hydraulic cement concrete.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1712, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 3–12.
Hiller, J. E., and Roesler, J. R. (2002). “Transverse joint analysis for use in mechanistic–empirical design of rigid pavements.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1809, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 42–51.
Hveem, F. N. (1951). “Slab warping affects pavement joint performance.” Proc., American Concrete Institute, Vol. 47, 797–808.
Hveem, F. N., and Tremper, B. (1957). “Some factors influencing shrinkage of concrete pavements.” Proc., American Concrete Institute, Vol. 53, 781–789.
Janssen, D. J. (1986). “Moisture in Portland cement concrete.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1121, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 40–44.
Jeong, J. H., Wang, L., and Zollinger, D. G. (2001). “A temperature and moisture module for hydrating portland cement concrete pavements.” Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Concrete Pavements, Orlando, Fla.
Jeong, J. H., and Zollinger, D. G. (2004). “Insights on early-age curling and warping behavior from a fully instrumented test slab system.” Proc., Paper Presentation at 2004 Annual Transportation Research Board Meeting, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
Khazanovich, L., Yu, H. T., Rao, S., Galasova, K., Shats, E., and Jones, R. (2000). ISLAB2000—Finite element program for rigid and composite pavements, user’s guide, ERES Consultants, Champaign, Ill.
Larson, G., and Dempsey, B. J. (1997). Enhanced integrated climatic model—Version 2.0, DTFA, MNDOT, Minneapolis.
Mather, B. (1963). “Reports of the committee on durability of concrete—Physical aspects—Drying shrinkage.” Highway Research News, 26–29.
Poblete, M., Salsilli, R., Valenzuela, A., and Spratz, P. (1987). “Field evaluation of thermal deformations in undowelled PCC pavement slabs.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1207, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 217–228.
Rao, C., Barenberg, E. J., Snyder, M. B., and Schmidt, S. (2001). “Effects of temperature and moisture on the response of jointed concrete pavements.” Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Concrete Pavements, Orlando, Fla.
Roesler, J. R., Scheffy, C. W., Ali, A., and Bush, D. (2000). “Construction, instrumentation, and testing of fast-setting hydraulic cement concrete in Palmdale, California.” Rep. Prepared for California Department of Transportation, Berkeley, Calif.
Schmidt, S. (2000). “Built-in curling and warping in PCC pavements.” M.S. thesis, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Suprenant, B. A. (2002). “Why slabs curl—Part I and Part II.” Concr. Int., 23(3), 57–61.
Tremper, B., and Spellman, D. L. (1963). “Shrinkage of concrete—Comparison of laboratory and field performance.” Highway Research Record No. 3, Highway Research Board, 30–61.
Ytterberg, R. F. (1987). “Shrinkage and curling of slabs on grade—Parts I through III.” Concr. Int.: Des. Constr., 9(4), 22–31.
Yu, H. T., Khazanovich, L., Darter, M. I., and Ardani, A. (1998). “Analysis of concrete pavement responses to temperature and wheel loads measured from instrumented slabs.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1639, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 94–101.
Zollinger, D. G., and Barenberg, E. J. (1989). “Proposed mechanistic based design procedure for jointed concrete pavements.” Illinois Cooperative Highway Research Program Project IHR-518, Univ. of Illionis, Urbana, Ill.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Transportation Engineering
Volume 131 • Issue 4 • April 2005
Pages: 320 - 327
Copyright
© 2005 ASCE.
History
Received: May 28, 2003
Accepted: Apr 20, 2004
Published online: Apr 1, 2005
Published in print: Apr 2005
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.