Design and Installation of Deep Benchmarks in Expansive Soil
Publication: Journal of Surveying Engineering
Volume 132, Issue 3
Abstract
Benchmarks are typically regarded as stable points to provide references for elevations. In areas with expansive soils, special techniques are necessary to provide benchmarks that are free from ground movements. To prevent the movement of benchmarks due to heaving of expansive soils, benchmarks must be anchored below the depths where these movements originate. This paper presents a design and installation procedure for three benchmarks installed to depths of approximately 30– in areas with expansive soils. The performance of the benchmarks has been monitored since September 2000. The monitoring results of the deep benchmarks indicate that the deep benchmarks are stable and reliable for elevation surveying.
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References
Nelson, J. D., Durkee, D. B., and Bonner, J. P. (1998). “Prediction of free field heave using oedometer test data.” Proc., 46th Annual Geotechnical Engineering Conf., Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn.
Nelson, J. D., Overton, D. D., and Durkee, D. B. (2001). “Depth of wetting and the active zone.” Proc., Geo-Institute Shallow Foundation and Soil Properties Committee Sessions, ASCE 2001 Civil Engineering Conf., ASCE, Reston, Va., 95–109.
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (1978). “Geodetic bench marks.” NOAA Manual NOS NGS 1, Washington, D.C.
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© 2006 ASCE.
History
Received: Mar 15, 2004
Accepted: Dec 29, 2004
Published online: Aug 1, 2006
Published in print: Aug 2006
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